The key ideas of the normative approach (The Foresight Root) and its relationship to full-range leadership theory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15649/2346030X.4120Keywords:
normative approach, leadership styles, leadership, leader, foresight, full-range leadership theory, calculated risk, vision, decision makingAbstract
The Normative Approach is essential to the cognitive processes of organizational leaders in making complex decisions for the future. These decisions are based on Hume's Dichotomy and utilitarian human rationality, affecting the organizational collective. The Normative Approach relies on leadership and Foresight competence.
Leadership and its styles are crucial to the success or failure of the organization. This article explores the relationship between leadership, Foresight and the Normative Approach, highlighting the importance of the leader's vision in decision making. The Full Range Leadership Theory (TLRC), which includes Transformational, Transactional and Laissez-faire Leadership styles, is analyzed. The Foresight competency enables leaders to anticipate and manage complex problems.
The Normative Approach, based on human rationality and consensus on the common good, enables the leader to create a shared vision with followers and manage uncertainty in decision making. The article shows that leadership, TLRC leadership styles and the Foresight competency are fundamental to the Normative Approach, helping leaders develop and share a strategic vision, improving organizational decision making.
The research concluded that the Foresight leadership competency enables the organization to define its future direction and align collective efforts, improving decision making and managing uncertainty. Transformational and Transactional Leadership styles favor collaborative work and avoid non-collaboration. The Laissez-faire style is effective in organizations with highly capable members, fostering trust and working together. The combination of these leadership styles is crucial to achieve organizational vision and improve scientific decision making.
References
F. Poinsot, “Una lectura epistemológica de la dicotomía positivo-normativo: De Hume a la teoría de la elección racional”, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers, Art. núm. 4585, nov. 2022, Consultado: el 2 de junio de 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://ideas.repec.org//p/aep/anales/4585.html.
D. Vélez Jiménez, R. Aragón Sanabria, y M. S. Rodríguez González, “Estudio para la calidad y prospectiva de la Planeación Estratégica organizacional en Educación Superior”, soph, núm. 32, pp. 151–169, ene. 2022, doi: 10.17163/soph.n32.2022.04.
M. Witzel, Historia del pensamiento administrativo. México D.F: Larousse - Grupo Editorial Patria, 2014.
J. Gonos y P. Gallo, “Model for Leadership Style Evaluation”, vol. 18, núm. 2, pp. 157–168, dic. 2013.
B. M. Bass, R. Bass, y B. M. Bass, The Bass handbook of leadership: theory, research, and managerial applications, 4th ed., Free Press hardcover ed. New York: Free Press, 2008.
K. Piwowar-Sulej y Q. Iqbal, “Leadership styles and sustainable performance: A systematic literature review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 382, p. 134600, ene. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134600.
L. Smerek, “PERCEPTION OF LEADERSHIP IN SLOVAKIA”, vol. 9, núm. 2, 2020.
N. Barberan, T. Bastidas, y C. Herrera, “Estilos de liderazgo en el rendimiento financiero y no financiero de las microempresas”, Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 29, núm. 106, Art. núm. 106, mar. 2024, doi: 10.52080/rvgluz.29.106.17.
J. Y. Akparep, E. Jengre, y A. A. Mogre, “The Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Performance at TumaKavi Development Association, Tamale, Northern Region of Ghana”, OJL, vol. 08, núm. 01, pp. 1–22, 2019, doi: 10.4236/ojl.2019.81001.
G. Onesti, “Exploring the Impact of Leadership Styles, Ethical Behavior, and Organizational Identification on Workers’ Well-Being”, Administrative Sciences, vol. 13, núm. 6, p. 149, jun. 2023, doi: 10.3390/admsci13060149.
L. Eaton, T. Bridgman, y S. Cummings, “Advancing the democratization of work: A new intellectual history of transformational leadership theory”, Leadership, p. 17427150241232705, mar. 2024, doi: 10.1177/17427150241232705.
G. R. Goethals, S. T. Allison, y G. J. Sorenson, Eds., The Sage encyclopedia of leadership studies. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE, 2023.
F. Albejaidi, G. M. Kundi, y Y. H. Mughal, “Decision making, leadership styles and leadership effectiveness: An amos-sem approach”, Tourism and Leisure, vol. 9, 2020.
G. Yukl y W. L. Gardner, Leadership in organizations, Ninth edition, Global edition. Harlow, England London New York Boston San Francisco Toronto Sydney Dubai Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Seoul Taipei New Delhi Cape Town Sao Paulo Mexico City Madrid Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan: Pearson, 2020.
A. F. De Toni, R. Siagri, y C. Battistella, Corporate foresight: anticipating the future, Revised edition. London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
J. Fiset y M. A. Robinson, “Developing foresight through the evaluation and construction of vision statements: an experiential exercise”, OMJ, vol. 17, núm. 2, pp. 99–115, jul. 2020, doi: 10.1108/OMJ-03-2019-0822.
L. Van der Laan y J. Yap, “Foresight and Strategic Thinking Enabling Valuable Strategy”, Foresight & Strategy in the Asia Pacific Region, pp. 91–107, 2016, doi: 10.1007/978-981-287-597-6_5.
P. J. H. Schoemaker y G. Day, “Preparing Organizations for Greater Turbulence”, California Management Review, vol. 63, núm. 4, pp. 66–88, ago. 2021, doi: 10.1177/00081256211022039.
A. Bourmistrov y B. W. Åmo, “Creativity, proactivity, and foresight”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 174, p. 121215, ene. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121215.
J. Gary, “Foresight Styles Assessment: Testing a New Tool for Consulting Futurists”, Journal of Futures Studies, vol. 14, ago. 2009.
P. J. H. Schoemaker, “Attention and foresight in organizations”, Futures & Foresight Science, vol. 1, núm. 1, p. e5, mar. 2019, doi: 10.1002/ffo2.5.
K.-H. Chen, L.-P. Hsu, y J. Hoffman, “Reevaluating the Foresight Styles Assessment: A Measurement of Futures Competency for University Students”, Journal of Futures Studies, vol. 26(1), pp. 19–32, 2021, doi: 10.6531/JFS.202109_26(1).0002.
J. E. Gary, “Leading from the future: A review of the regent foresight program”, Journal of Futures Studies, vol. 15, núm. 1, pp. 119–134, 2010.
A. Hakmaoui, M. Oubrich, J. Calof, y H. El Ghazi, “Towards an anticipatory system incorporating corporate foresight and competitive intelligence in creating knowledge: a longitudinal Moroccan bank case study”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 174, p. 121139, ene. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121139.
L. Van der Laan y R. Erwee, “Foresight styles assessment: a valid and reliable measure of dimensions of foresight competence?”, Foresight, vol. 14, núm. 5, pp. 374–386, ago. 2012, doi: 10.1108/14636681211269860.
H. Van Lente, “Navigating foresight in a sea of expectations: lessons from the sociology of expectations”, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol. 24, núm. 8, pp. 769–782, sep. 2012, doi: 10.1080/09537325.2012.715478.
G. Ahuja, R. W. Coff, y P. M. Lee, “Managerial foresight and attempted rent appropriation: insider trading on knowledge of imminent breakthroughs”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 26, núm. 9, pp. 791–808, 2005, doi: 10.1002/smj.474.
D. H. Ingvar, “‘Memory of the future’: an essay on the temporal organization of conscious awareness”, Human Neurobiol - Department of Clínica! Neurophysiology University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden, núm. 4, pp. 127–136, 1985.
F. Polak, The image of the future. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publ. Comp, 1973.
T. Suddendorf, J. Redshaw, y A. Bulley, The invention of tomorrow: a natural history of foresight, First edition. New York: Basic Books, 2022.
K. Kozioł-Nadolna y K. Beyer, “Determinants of the decision-making process in organizations”, Procedia Computer Science, vol. 192, pp. 2375–2384, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.006.
P. Coppens, “État, marché et institutions”:, Revue internationale de droit économique, vol. t. XXI, 3, núm. 3, pp. 293–316, oct. 2007, doi: 10.3917/ride.213.0293.
G. S. Day y K. Kruse, “How vigilant leaders prepare for a turbulent future”, SL, vol. 49, núm. 1, pp. 32–37, mar. 2021, doi: 10.1108/SL-11-2020-0139.
O. Morgenstern, “DESCRIPTIVE, PREDICTIVE AND NORMATIVE THEORY”, Kyklos, vol. 25, núm. 4, pp. 699–714, nov. 1972, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1972.tb01077.x.
L. M. Miller Moya, “Acción colectiva y modelos de racionalidad”, REF, vol. 5, núm. 9, pp. 107–130, ene. 2004, doi: 10.21670/ref.2004.09.a05.
H. A. Simon, “A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 69, núm. 1, pp. 99–118, 1955, doi: 10.2307/1884852.
E. Ostrom, “A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997”, Am Polit Sci Rev, vol. 92, núm. 1, pp. 1–22, mar. 1998, doi: 10.2307/2585925.
P. G. Northouse, Leadership: theory and practice, Ninth Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publishing, 2022.
S. G. L. Schruijer y L. S. Vansina, “Leader, Leadership and Leading: From Individual Characteristics to Relating in Context”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 23, núm. 7, pp. 869–874, 2002.
D. A. Whetten, K. S. Cameron, L. E. Pineda Ayala, y A. D. Pérez Otero, Desarrollo de habilidades directivas. Naucalpan de Juárez, Estado de México: Pearson Educación de México, 2011.
A. G. Sorenson, G. R. Goethals, y P. Haber, “The Enduring and Elusive Quest for a General Theory of Leadership: Initial Efforts and New Horizons”, en The SAGE handbook of leadership, London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE, 2011.
M. Venus, D. Stam, y D. Van Knippenberg, “Visions of change as visions of continuity: Academy of Management Journal”, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 62, núm. 3, pp. 667–690, jun. 2019, doi: 10.5465/amj.2015.1196.
C. L. Hoyt, G. R. Goethals, y R. E. Riggio, “Leader–follower relations: group dynamics and the role of leadership”, en The Quest for a General Theory of Leadership, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2006.
J. López, V.-H. Perera, E. Bejarano, M. Del-Pozo, y C. Budia, “La trama social del liderazgo. Un estudio sobre las redes de colaboración docente en escuelas primarias”, Revista Electronica Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educacion, vol. 12, núm. 5, pp. 99–117, oct. 2014.
B. M. Bass, “Executive and Strategic Leadership”, International Journal of Business, vol. 12, núm. 1, pp. 33–52, 2007.
B. S. Thakkar, Ed., The Future of Leadership. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-73870-3.
D. D. Warrick, “Leadership Styles and Their Consequences”, Journal of Experiential Learning and Simulation - University of Colorado, pp. 155–172, 1981.
B. Aldaibat, “IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLES IN ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT”, International Journal of Business and Management Review, vol. 5, pp. 25–37, jun. 2017.
A.-Hussain. Jamal, “Leadership Styles and Value Systems of School Principals”, EDUCATION, vol. 2, núm. 12, pp. 1267–1276, nov. 2014, doi: 10.12691/education-2-12-22.
C. Easton y R. Steyn, “Millennial leaders and leadership styles displayed in the workplace: South African Journal of Business Management”, South African Journal of Business Management, vol. 54, núm. 1, ene. 2023, doi: 10.4102/sajbm.v54i1.3139.
R. M. Stogdill, “Personal Factors Associated with Leadership: A Survey of the Literature”, The Journal of Psychology, vol. 25, núm. 1, pp. 35–71, ene. 1948, doi: 10.1080/00223980.1948.9917362.
F. E. Fiedler, “Review of A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness.”, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 13, núm. 2, pp. 344–348, 1968, doi: 10.2307/2391461.
P. Hersey y K. H. Blanchard, Management of organizational behavior: utilizing human resources, 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1988. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://ess220.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/hersey-blanchard-1988.pdf.
P. Hersey y K. H. Blanchard, “Revisiting the Lif e-Cycle Theory of Leadership”, Training & Development, vol. 50, núm. 1-pag. 42, p. 6, ene. 1996.
J. Antonakis, B. J. Avolio, y N. Sivasubramaniam, “Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire”, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 14, núm. 3, pp. 261–295, jun. 2003, doi: 10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00030-4.
J. Antonakis y R. J. House, “The Full-Range Leadership Theory: The Way Forward”, en Monographs in Leadership and Management, vol. 5, B. J. Avolio y F. J. Yammarino, Eds., Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2013, pp. 3–33. doi: 10.1108/S1479-357120130000005006.
A. Kindarto, Y.-Q. Zhu, y D. G. Gardner, “Full Range Leadership Styles and Government IT Team Performance: The Critical Roles of Follower and Team Competence”, Public Performance & Management Review, vol. 43, núm. 4, pp. 889–917, jul. 2020, doi: 10.1080/15309576.2020.1730198.
M. Ali y M. S. Ullah, “Role of laissez-faire leadership in talent management: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh”, Heliyon, vol. 9, núm. 6, p. e17234, jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17234.
T. A. Judge y R. F. Piccolo, “Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity.”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 89, núm. 5, pp. 755–768, 2004, doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755.
M. E. Yohannes y T. A. Wasonga, “Leadership styles and teacher job satisfaction in Ethiopian schools”, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, vol. 51, núm. 5, pp. 1200–1218, sep. 2023, doi: 10.1177/17411432211041625.
B. J. Avolio y B. M. Bass, Eds., Developing potential across a full range of leadership: cases on transactional and transformational leadership. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
P. Kirkbride, “Developing transformational leaders: the full range leadership model in action”, Ind and Commercial Training, vol. 38, núm. 1, pp. 23–32, ene. 2006, doi: 10.1108/00197850610646016.
E. O. Simari, “LIDERAZGO TRANSFORMACIONAL. REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA”, Revista Científica UCMB, vol. 1, núm. 1, pp. 78–84, 2021.
R. N. Lussier y C. F. Achua, Leadership: theory, application & skill development, Sixth edition. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning, 2016.
A. Decuypere y W. Schaufeli, “Leadership and work engagement: Exploring explanatory mechanisms”, German Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 34, núm. 1, pp. 69–95, feb. 2020, doi: 10.1177/2397002219892197.
A. C. Guerrero y M. C. G. Martínez, “El Liderazgo Transformacional y Transaccional en el docente: desde la perspectiva de estudiantes universitarios en pandemia del COVID-19”, Ciencias Administrativas. Teoría y Praxis, vol. 19, núm. 1, Art. núm. 1, feb. 2023, doi: 10.46443/catyp.v19i1.325.
Y. Kanat-Maymon, M. Elimelech, y G. Roth, “Work motivations as antecedents and outcomes of leadership: Integrating self-determination theory and the full range leadership theory”, European Management Journal, vol. 38, núm. 4, pp. 555–564, ago. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.emj.2020.01.003.
D. M. Escandon-Barbosa y A. Hurtado-Ayala, “Influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el desempeño de las empresas exportadoras colombianas”, Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 32, núm. 139, pp. 137–145, abr. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.estger.2016.04.001.
S. I. Flynn, “Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire Leadership”, Salem Press Encyclopedia. Great Neck Publishing, 2019. Consultado: el 11 de octubre de 2019. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://basesbiblioteca.uexternado.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=89185351&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site.
P. Elgoibar, P. Ruiz-Palomino, y S. Gutierrez-Broncano, “Laissez-faire leadership, trust in subordinates and problem-solving conflict management: A multigroup analysis across family and non-family businesses”, European Management Journal, abr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.emj.2024.04.009.
I. Yang, “Positive effects of laissez-faire leadership: conceptual exploration”, Journal of Management Development, vol. 34, núm. 10, pp. 1246–1261, oct. 2015, doi: 10.1108/JMD-02-2015-0016.
G. Álava, L. D. Vázquez, B. Guerrero, L. Pinos, D. Sucozhañay, y F. Francés, “Efectos del entrenamiento en liderazgo desde la Teoría de Rango Completo”, Educación, Arte, Comunicación: Revista Académica e Investigativa, vol. 6, 2016, Consultado: el 8 de junio de 2024. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://revistas.unl.edu.ec/index.php/eac/article/view/273.
T. Karp y T. Helgø, “The future of leadership: the art of leading people in a ‘post‐managerial’ environment”, Foresight, vol. 10, núm. 2, pp. 30–37, abr. 2008, doi: 10.1108/14636680810869662.
L. Clausen, “The Systemic Challenge and Practice of Leadership in a Post-centaurian Society”, Syst Pract Action Res, abr. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11213-024-09671-5.
R. H. Pherson, “Leveraging the Future with Foresight Analysis”, The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs, vol. 20, núm. 2, pp. 102–131, may 2018, doi: 10.1080/23800992.2018.1484237.
G. Yukl, Yukl Gary - Liderazgo En Las Organizaciones.pdf, 6a Edición. Madrid, España: PEARSON EDUCACIÓN SA., 2008.
H. Alberro, “H.G Wells, earthly and post-terrestrial futures”, Futures, vol. 140, p. 102954, jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2022.102954.
I. Miles, O. Saritas, y A. Sokolov, Foresight for science, technology and innovation. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016.
J. Boston, Ed., “Designing and Embedding a Strategic Foresight Capability”, en Public Policy and Governance, vol. 25, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016, pp. 379–422. doi: 10.1108/S2053-769720160000025013.
A. Sokolov y A. Chulok, “Priorities for future innovation: Russian S&T Foresight 2030”, Futures, vol. 80, pp. 17–32, jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2015.12.005.
N. Dian, “Foresight styles assessment: A theory based study in competency and change”, Journal of Futures Studies, vol. 13, feb. 2009.
R. Poli, Ed., Handbook of Anticipation: Theoretical and Applied Aspects of the Use of Future in Decision Making. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91554-8.
L. A. Costanzo y R. B. MacKay, Eds., Handbook of research on strategy and foresight. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2009.
G. Oettingen, A. T. Sevincer, y P. M. Gollwitzer, Eds., The psychology of thinking about the future. New York: Guilford Press, 2018.
T. Suddendorf y M. C. Corballis, “The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?”, Behav Brain Sci, vol. 30, núm. 3, pp. 299–313, jun. 2007, doi: 10.1017/S0140525X07001975.
R. Rohrbeck y M. E. Kum, “Corporate foresight and its impact on firm performance: A longitudinal analysis”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 129, pp. 105–116, abr. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.12.013.
J. Gold, P. Jolliffe, J. Stewart, C. Glaister, y S. Halliday, “Futures and foresight learning in HRD”, EJTD, vol. 48, núm. 1/2, pp. 133–148, feb. 2024, doi: 10.1108/EJTD-05-2022-0059.
M. Amsteus, “Managerial foresight: concept and measurement”, Foresight, vol. 10, núm. 1, pp. 53–66, feb. 2008, doi: 10.1108/14636680810856026.
R. A. Slaughter, “From individual to social capacity”, Elsevier Science Ltd. - Pergamon, pp. 751–762, 1996.
S. Inayatullah y J. A. Sweeney, “From Strategic to Transformative Foresight: Using Space to Transform Time”, World Futures Review, vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 27–33, mar. 2021, doi: 10.1177/1946756720971743.
J. E. Barbuto y D. W. Wheeler, “Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership”, Group & Organization Management, vol. 31, núm. 3, pp. 300–326, jun. 2006, doi: 10.1177/1059601106287091.
M. Bosovska, M. Boiko, L. Bovsh, A. Okhrimenko, y N. Vedmid, “Foresight (prevision) of development of the tourist system in Ukraine”, Problems and Perspectives in Management, vol. 21, núm. 4, pp. 696–712, dic. 2023, doi: 10.21511/ppm.21(4).2023.52.
K. E. Cuhls, “Horizon Scanning in Foresight – Why Horizon Scanning is only a part of the game”, Futures & Foresight Science, vol. 2, núm. 1, mar. 2020, doi: 10.1002/ffo2.23.
R. Burke, “Anticipatory Action Learning, Leadership, Strategy and Foresight: Creating a Successful Future While Enhancing Results Today”, Journal of Futures Studies, vol. 25, núm. 3, mar. 2021, doi: 10.6531/JFS.202103_25(3).0008.
L. W. Van der Laan, “Foresight competence and the strategic thinking of strategy-level leaders”, Thesis (PhD/Research), University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia, 2010. Consultado: el 3 de octubre de 2019. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://eprints.usq.edu.au/9385/.
M. Amsteus, “Managerial foresight and firm performance”, Linnaeus University Press, Växjö, Kalmar, 2011. Consultado: el 7 de octubre de 2019. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-10935.
M. Amsteus, “Managerial foresight: measurement scale and estimation”, Foresight, vol. 13, núm. 1, pp. 58–76, feb. 2011, doi: 10.1108/14636681111109705.
R. N. Lussier y C. F. Achua, Leadership: theory, application, & skill development, 4th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010.
S. Park, “A possible metric for assessing self-efficacy toward postulated futures”, Foresight, vol. 20, núm. 1, pp. 50–67, ene. 2018, doi: 10.1108/FS-08-2017-0044.
C. Weber, K. Sailer, y B. Katzy, “Real-time foresight — Preparedness for dynamic networks”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 101, pp. 299–313, dic. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.05.016.
R. E. Boyatzis, “Competencies in the 21st century”, Journal of Management Development, vol. 27, núm. 1, pp. 5–12, ene. 2008, doi: 10.1108/02621710810840730.
J. Voros, “A generic foresight process framework”, Foresight, vol. 5, núm. 3, pp. 10–21, jun. 2003, doi: 10.1108/14636680310698379.
A. Hines, J. Gary, C. Daheim, y L. van der Laan, “Building Foresight Capacity: Toward a Foresight Competency Model”, World Futures Review, vol. 9, pp. 123–141, sep. 2017, doi: 10.1177/1946756717715637.
R. Miller, Transforming the future: anticipation in the 21st century. Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group - UNESCO, 2018. Consultado: el 16 de febrero de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=647870.
D. A. Beeton, R. Phaal, y D. R. Probert, “Exploratory roadmapping for foresight”, IJTIP, vol. 4, núm. 4, p. 398, 2008, doi: 10.1504/IJTIP.2008.020871.
T. Nestik, “The Psychological Aspects of Corporate Foresight”, Foresight and STI Governance, vol. 12, núm. 2, pp. 78–90, jun. 2018, doi: 10.17323/2500-2597.2018.2.78.90.
M. A. Öner, “On theory building in Foresight and Futures Studies: A discussion note”, Futures, vol. 42, núm. 9, pp. 1019–1030, nov. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2010.08.026.
M. A. Hitt, K. T. Haynes, y R. Serpa, “Strategic leadership for the 21st century”, Business Horizons, vol. 53, núm. 5, pp. 437–444, sep. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2010.05.004.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Altmetrics
Downloads
License
Copyright (c) 2024 AiBi Journal of Research, Administration and Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal offers open access under a Creative Commons Attibution License
This work is under license Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0).
