INNOVACIENCIA is an international open-access scientific journal in basic and applied sciences, publishing high-quality original research articles, short scientific communications, and systematic reviews, under a continuous publication model, in the areas of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Mathematics (including quantitative modeling and applied statistical analysis). It has an editorial team that offers rapid communication and a publication period of 16-24 weeks, without charging publication fees. Additionally, it has an accelerated indexing plan to important international databases, which has allowed research published in the journal to become increasingly visible and accessible to a global audience of researchers. The journal is dedicated to publishing research that has a significant impact on the scientific community and society in general. Therefore, researchers from all parts of the world are welcome to submit their work for consideration and publication in the journal. E-ISSN: 2346-075X Indexed in: Scopus, WOS, DOAJ, REDIB, Google Scholar, Miar.
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Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Agroforestry Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Future Perspectives
Introduction. The conversion of tropical forests to agricultural and pastoral land has reduced soil carbon stocks by 12 to 30% and removed more than 200 Mg C per hectare of aboveground biomass, which reinforces interest in agroforestry systems that can sequester carbon and restore degraded soils. Objectives: To describe and quantitatively analyse the evolution of research on carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems, identifying temporal, geographical and thematic patterns to inform mitigation policies. Materials and Methods. A systematic bibliometric review of the Scopus database was conducted using a specific search string, with no language or time restrictions; after screening and metadata cleaning, 788 documents published between 1992 and 2026 in 283 sources were analysed with Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, with 2026 records treated as early access items. Results. The results show an annual growth rate of 4.16%, a mean article age of 7.25 years, 3,121 authors with an average of 5.36 co-authors per article and 43.78% international co-authorship, 5,580 references and 2,092 author keywords, a core of nine journals that concentrate 27% of publications, recurrent institutional and national participation patterns, and thematic clusters centred on agroforestry, soil carbon, ecosystem services and land use. Conclusions. The field is now well established and offers a contextual basis for discussions on ecosystem-based mitigation, restoration of degraded tropical landscapes and low carbon rural development, although important gaps remain regarding costs, equity, gender, indigenous peoples and rural wellbeing that future research agendas need to address.
Original research and innovation article
Copyright (c) 2026 Innovaciencia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Radial Domichnia–Fodinichnia ichnofossil from the Lower Cretaceousof San Andrés (Santander, Colombia)
Introduction. Burrow and tunnel systems preserved in sandy and muddy marine substrates are commonly associated with the behavioral activities of polychaete worms and other benthic invertebrates, providing relevant ethological information in sedimentary records. Objectives. This study aims to i) describe the morphological and ethological characteristics of a radial ichnofossil, ii) evaluate its possible correspondence with previously established radial ichnogenera, and iii) propose paleoecological interpretations of the trace-making organism and its depositional environment. Materials and Methods. A detached sandstone block from the Aguardiente Formation (Albian–Cenomanian, Lower Cretaceous) was examined along the banks of the Hisgaura River, San Andrés municipality (Santander, Colombia). The trace architecture was documented through high-resolution photography, digital image processing, and artificial intelligence–assisted three-dimensional reconstruction to enhance visualization of its morphology and internal organization. UPGMA–Jaccard similarity and parsimony analyses were applied to assess relationships with other radial and rosette ichnogenera. Results. The specimen is preserved in full relief and consists of a central ellipsoidal chamber from which slightly sinuous tubular galleries radiate, locally arranged in superposed tiers. Similarity analysis groups the structure with Arenituba, Guanshanichnus, and Hartsellea. Parsimony analysis recovered a single most- parsimonious tree (length = 32 steps; CI = 0.34; RI = 0.7) in which the specimen forms part of a clade characterized primarily by branched galleries and shallow-marine occurrence. Conclusions. The structure records ethological evidence of a benthic organism inhabiting sandy shallow-marine environments. Diagnostic differences preclude confident assignment to any previously established radial ichnogenus.
Innovation in forage evaluation: digestibility and metabolizable energy modeling with canonical correlation analysis and random forest in Colombia
Introduction. Livestock productivity in Colombia largely depends on forage-based feeding systems, where nutritional quality directly influences digestibility and metabolizable energy in ruminants (ME-r). Objectives. To analyze the AlimenTro database in order to evaluate the relationship between nutrients, digestibility, and ME of tropical forages using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and the Random Forest algorithm. Materials and Methods. A total of 500 samples of grasses, legumes, and shrubs from the AlimenTro database were evaluated using standardized methodologies, including nearinfrared spectroscopy (NIRS), proximate analysis, and in situ techniques. CCA was applied to identify multivariate associations between nutrients and energy parameters, while the Random Forest algorithm was used to assess predictive performance and variable importance, yielding low root mean square error (RMSE) values. Results. CCA revealed that fiber fractions, including neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and hemicellulose, were negatively associated with digestibility and ME, whereas crude protein and starch showed positive associations. The Random Forest model achieved R² values greater than 0.95, with low RMSE and mean absolute error (MAE), confirming its high predictive accuracy and highlighting fiber and protein as key predictors. Conclusions. The integration of CCA and Random Forest provides a robust and applicable approach for predicting the nutritional quality of tropical forages. This methodological framework supports the development of more efficient and sustainable feeding strategies in tropical livestock systems.
Determination of tensile strength in soils as a geotechnical design parameter through correlations using numerical models
Introduction. Tensile cracking can affect the stability and performance of geotechnical structures, particularly when tensile failure mechanisms develop in soil masses. Objective. To establish a correlation between σc and σt in soils through laboratory testing and numerical modeling. Materials and Methods. Unconfined compression and indirect tensile tests were conducted on three predominantly sandy soils with different fines contents. Numerical simulations were performed to reproduce the stress conditions of both tests, and statistical analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between σc and σt. Results. Tensile strength (σt) was significantly lower than compressive strength (σc), ranging between 17% and 19% of σc. A positive linear relationship was identified between both parameters, with high correlation and determination coefficients. Numerical simulations showed good agreement with experimental data. Conclusions. A correlation equation between σc and σt is proposed for the analyzed soils, allowing the indirect estimation of tensile strength from compressive strength values. Its applicability is limited to soils with characteristics similar to those studied.
Automated Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) Counting of Bacteria Using Digital Image Analysis Through Computer Vision with Python
Introduction. Quantitative analysis of bacterial growth is essential in microbiological studies, as it enables the evaluation of microbial survival and proliferation rates, facilitating control and manipulation of microbial communities. However, traditional manual counting of colony-forming units (CFUs) on Petri dishes presents major limitations, including high time and resource consumption, and variability linked to the analyst’s subjectivity. Objectives. This study aimed to develop a Python-based script for efficient and accurate CFU counting using digital images. Materials and Methods. Water samples were collected from supraglacial lakes of the Llaca Glacier (Peru) and inoculated on nutrient agar and R2A media using the spread plate method. Cultures were incubated at 5 °C for 30 days and photographed using a custom-built photographic chamber that standardized image capture. Results. The script, implemented in Google Colaboratory, follows a three-stage process: preprocessing, segmentation, and colony counting. Gaussian adaptive thresholding was selected for segmentation due to its robustness under variable image conditions. The system’s performance was evaluated by comparing automated results with manual counts across 91 images. The method demonstrated high efficiency, achieving an precision of 97% ± 0.12, a recall of 95% ± 1.10, and an F-measure of 96% ± 0.10, with a processing time of only 0.4 seconds per image. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that the system offers a reliable, fast, and low-cost alternative for CFU quantification. Its design is simple and adaptable, making it a replicable tool for microbiological laboratories, especially in resource-limited settings.
Data mining models to predict timber production across Colombian departments
Introduction. Timber production in Colombia is strategic for economic development and environmental conservation, yet reliable predictive tools remain scarce. Objective. To evaluate the performance of statistical and machine-learning models for forecasting department-level timber mobilization volumes in Colombia using open data from the Colombian Agricultural Institute (2012–2022). Materials and Methods. Following the CRISP-DM framework, we performed data cleaning and preprocessing, imputed missing values via KSSA, and implemented five model families (ARIMA, Prophet, GLMNET, Random Forest, and Prophet Boost). Models were trained on 90% of the historical series and evaluated with RMSE, MAE, and MAPE. Results. ARIMA and Random Forest achieved the best performance depending on the stability or variability of each series, enabling reliable four-quarter-ahead forecasts. Departments such as Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, and Cauca are projected to maintain high production levels, whereas Meta and Casanare exhibit greater instability. Conclusions. These findings underscore the value of integrating open data and machine-learning techniques to support the sustainable management of Colombia’s forest resources.
APOS Theory and the Teaching of Linear Algebra: Engineering Students’ Understanding of Systems of Linear Equations and Their Solution Sets
Introduction. The teaching and learning of linear algebra remain a persistent challenge in engineering education, particularly regarding students’ understanding of systems of linear equations and their associated solution sets. From the perspective of APOS Theory, these concepts are understood as mental constructions that develop through a progression from Actions to Processes and, in some cases, toward Objects, involving the articulation of algebraic, matrix, and geometric representations. Objectives. This study examines the mental constructions that engineering students develop when solving systems of linear equations within a teaching strategy informed by a genetic decomposition grounded in APOS Theory. Materials and methods. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted with 26 engineering students enrolled in a Linear Algebra course. Instruction was designed according to the ACE teaching cycle and supported by tasks intended to foster transitions among mental structures. Data sources included students’ written productions and their articulated reasoning, which were analyzed using APOS Theory as an analytical framework. Results. The analysis reveals a progression in students’ understanding of systems of linear equations and their solution sets, moving from predominantly procedural and algorithmic approaches toward reasoning that coordinates algebraic, matrix, and geometric representations. Conclusions. The findings suggest that a teaching strategy grounded in APOS Theory and structured through the ACE cycle supports students’ development from operational treatments of systems of linear equations toward more structural forms of understanding. These results contribute to ongoing discussions on the design of instructional approaches that align with the conceptual demands of linear algebra in engineering education.
Natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in Rhodnius robustus I infesting Attalea butyracea palms in El Zulia, Norte de Santander, Colombia
Introduction. Palms such as Attalea butyracea function as key sylvatic ecotopes for species of the genus Rhodnius, providing shelter, suitable microclimatic conditions, and access to vertebrate hosts, thus contributing to the maintenance of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles in disturbed landscapes. Objective. To evaluate the infestation of Attalea butyracea palms by triatomines and to determine natural infection by T. cruzi using parasitological and molecular methods in El Zulia, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Materials and methods. Between August and September 2021, 100 palms were sampled using modified Angulo traps. The collected insects were identified morphologically and through sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Infection was assessed by microscopic examination of intestinal contents and PCR detection of T. cruzi DNA. Results. A total of 64 specimens of the genus Rhodnius were collected, with an infestation index of 30% of the sampled palms. Natural infection was 31% by microscopy and 40% by PCR. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Rhodnius robustus I. Conclusions. The detection of R. robustus I highlights the importance of integrating molecular surveillance to improve the accuracy of vector identification and to monitor their dispersal and adaptation capacity. Continuous entomological surveillance in natural ecotopes is essential to prevent reinfestation and to consolidate the achievements of control programs.
Effect of Micropatterning of Metallic Surfaces on Nucleate Pool Boiling
Introduction. Nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature exceeds the liquid’s saturation temperature, leading to vapor bubble formation. Surface roughness strongly affects bubble nucleation and dynamics, thereby enhancing heat transfer efficiency during nucleate boiling. Objectives. To characterize bubble nucleation, growth, and detachment during pool nucleate boiling using two micropatterned surfaces: 1) a vertical-patterned surface (VPS) and 2) a square-patterned surface (SPS), and to compare their performance with that of a smooth surface (SS). Materials and Methods. An acrylic container was fixed to metal surfaces to study the liquid pool. A novel methodology employing the Peltier effect allows the control of the process variables and ensures reproducibility. Bubble dynamics were captured with a high-speed camera, while thermal responses were monitored by thermocouples in the liquid and on the metal surface. Results. Micropatterned surfaces decreased bubble diameter by 32%, and increased nucleation sites threefold compared to smooth surfaces. The highest convection coefficient was observed for the square surface (11.45 Wcm-2 K-1) followed by the vertical (7.7 Wcm-2 K-1), and smooth (5.4 Wcm-2 K-1) surfaces, these values are unusual in the literature, since the study was carried out at the micrometric level, suggesting a significant analysis for microscale cooling applications. Conclusions. A roughness defined by micropatterning allows control over nucleate boiling and improves heat dissipation in applications that require high power density, such as next-generation electronic devices and aerospace technologies.
Bibliometric analysis on biopesticides and biological control in crops: trends and perspectives.
Introduction. The sustained increase in chemical pesticide use, reaching 3.73 million tonnes in 2023, together with the expansion of resistance in 273 weed species and 632 arthropod species, has intensified the need for safer alternatives in plant protection. Objectives. To characterise the scientific evolution of biopesticide and biological control research in crops, identifying temporal, geographical, and thematic patterns that inform sustainable technological adoption. Materials and Methods. A quantitative bibliometric mapping approach was applied to 6,906 Scopus-indexed records published between 1973 and 2025. Data were analysed using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer to estimate productivity, impact, collaboration, and thematic structure indicators. Results. The results revealed a consolidated community of 22,413 authors, with an average of 4.68 co-authors per article, 24.31% international collaboration, and a mean citation rate of 30.14. The most productive journals were Biological Control and Biocontrol Science and Technology, while China, the United States, and India led global contributions. Conceptual clusters focused mainly on Trichoderma, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, with 2005–2020 marking the highestimpact period. Conclusions. Biocontrol has become a scientific cornerstone of the global agroecological transition, although gaps remain in standardisation, multisite validation, and the inclusion of the Global South.
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Genetic Transformation of Silybum marianum L. Mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC13332
Introduction. Nanoparticles have recently garnered substantial interest across various scientific disciplines due to their novel physicochemical properties. These particles have found broad applications in medicine, agriculture, environmental sciences, and pharmaceutical technologies. Objectives. To investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the transformation efficiency of the medicinal plant milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Materials and Methods. Explants derived from 20-day-old seedlings were directly injected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC13332 using a 0.5 mL insulin syringe. Treated explants were cultured on solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium devoid of growth regulators. Results. Hairy roots were induced in 55.86% of leaf explants, marking the first visible indicator of successful genetic transformation. Callus induction from hairy roots reached a 100% success rate on MS2 medium (MS + 1.0 mg·L-¹ benzyladenine [BA] + 0.1 mg·L-¹ indole-3-butyric acid [IBA]). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed the presence of the rolB gene in the genomic DNA of transformed tissues. Shoot regeneration occurred during hairy root maintenance. Furthermore, supplementing MS medium with varying concentrations (25–300 μg/mL) of ZnO NPs significantly enhanced hairy root induction, achieving a maximum rate of 100% in leaf explants cultured on MS medium containing 150 μg/mL ZnO NPs. Conclusions. Zinc oxide nanoparticles effectively enhanced the genetic transformation frequency in S. marianum, demonstrating their potential as a nanobiotechnological tool in plant genetic engineering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Innovaciencia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Floristic Composition and Structural Patterns of Riparian Vegetation in the La Vega River Micro-Watershed, Tunja–Boyacá, Colombia
Introduction. Urban riparian corridors are critical for biodiversity conservation, hydrological regulation, and ecosystem connectivity. However, anthropogenic pressures and extreme climate events have disrupted their ecological integrity, particularly in rapidly urbanizing Andean regions. Objectives. This study aims to characterize the floristic composition and structural attributes of woody vegetation in a riparian section of the La Vega River microwatershed (Tunja, Boyacá), which was disturbed by dredging activities following the 2010– 2011 La Niña event. Materials and methods. Field sampling was conducted through 20 transects (50 × 2 m; total area 0.2 ha) along both riverbanks within the university campus. All woody individuals with a diameter at breast height (DBH) > 1 cm were recorded. Structural parameters (density, dominance, frequency, Importance Value Index), species richness estimators, and diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Margalef) were calculated. Results. A total of 782 individuals were recorded, comprising 37 species, 28 genera, and 21 families. The family Fabaceae was dominant, with exotic species such as Acacia decurrens (IVI = 139%), A. mearnsii, and A. melanoxylon prevailing across the site. Native species including Juglans neotropica, Sambucus peruviana, Quercus humboldtii, and Prunus serotina showed lower abundance but play important ecological roles. Conclusions. The high dominance of exotic Acacia species indicates ongoing ecological alteration within the riparian corridor. Active management and restoration strategies are needed to curb the spread of invasive species and promote the recovery of native riparian vegetation.
Robotics in the medicine of the future: treatment and rehabilitation
Introduction. The growing demand for effective post-stroke rehabilitation has accelerated the integration of robotic systems incorporating artificial intelligence and sensor technologies into clinical practice. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of robotic systems in the rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke in Ukrainian clinics. Materials and Methods. A controlled experimental study was conducted with 62 patients randomly assigned to control (conventional physiotherapy) and experimental (physiotherapy plus robotic-assisted therapy) groups. Robotic exoskeletons and sensorbased simulators were used. Outcomes were assessed using validated tools: Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Adaptive algorithms adjusted therapy intensity to individual needs. Results. The experimental group showed greater improvement compared with the control group, with a mean increase of 6.63 points on the FMA scale, a reduction of 4.17 seconds in TUG time, and an increase of 44.47 meters in 6MWT distance. Improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and consistent with international evidence supporting early and intensive rehabilitation. However, the relatively small sample size and short follow-up period limit generalizability. Conclusions. Robotic-assisted rehabilitation significantly enhances motor function, endurance, and functional mobility after stroke. These findings support its integration as a complementary strategy within clinical rehabilitation protocols. Further multicenter studies with long-term follow-up are needed to standardize protocols and evaluate sustainability of outcomes.
Non-destructive classification of Peruvian medicinal plants using NIR hyperspectral imaging (1300–1700 nm) and machine learning
Introduction. The identification of native medicinal plants often relies on destructive, time-consuming, or expert-dependent methods. This study proposes the use of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) and machine learning as alternative, non-invasive tools for the rapid discrimination of three medicinal species from northern Peru: Peperomia inaequalifolia (congona), Alternanthera sp. (lancetilla), and Teline monspessulana (retama). Objectives. To evaluate the performance of multiclass classification models applied to preprocessed NIR-HSI spectra, aiming to develop a reliable system for plant identification and quality control. Materials and Methods. A total of 1467 spectra were collected using a NIR-HSI camera in the range of 1300–1700 nm. Spectral data were preprocessed using Savitzky–Golay smoothing and standard normal variate (SNV). Seven machine learning classifiers were trained and evaluated through stratified 5-fold cross-validation, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, and Ridge Classifier. Results. Random Forest achieved the highest performance (accuracy = 0.9959), with a ROC-AUC of 1.00. The remaining models yielded mean accuracies ranging from 0.9720 to 0.9945, with ROC-AUC values close to 1.00, indicating strong discriminative capability. Conclusions. The combination of NIR-HSI and supervised learning models enables highly accurate classification of medicinal plants. This approach shows potential for traceability, quality assurance, and ethnobotanical validation, particularly in decentralized or resource-limited settings.
Characterization of Ceropegia vietnamensis: a study based on morphological, microanatomical and molecular data
Introduction. Ceropegia vietnamensis is a recently described, range-restricted species endemic to the Binh Chau–Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Vietnam. It closely resembles C. laotica, C. bulbosa, and C. murlensis in general morphology and floral traits, making its distinction based solely on external characters challenging. Objectives. This study provides the first integrated dataset for C. vietnamensis, combining detailed morphological, anatomical, and molecular evidence to support its recognition and facilitate future taxonomic assessments. Materials and Methods. Comparative morphology was used to confirm species identity. Anatomical structures of vegetative organs were examined via transverse sections stained with iodine green–carmine. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the CTAB 2X protocol, and the ITS and trnL intron regions were amplified by PCR. Results. The anatomical structure of C. vietnamensis was described for the first time and compared to the closely related C. bulbosa var. lushii, revealing diagnostic differences in root, stem, and leaf anatomy. Sequence comparisons showed 93–96% identity in the ITS region and 99% identity in the trnL region when aligned with C. bulbosa and C. murlensis, indicating moderate molecular divergence consistent with species-level distinction. Conclusions. The combination of morphological, anatomical, and molecular data strengthens the taxonomic delimitation of C. vietnamensis and contributes valuable reference information for future phylogenetic and systematic studies within the genus Ceropegia.
Ultrasound-assisted thermal processing: Microbial safety and physicochemical attributes of Tejuino, a Mexican heritage fermented beverage
Introduction. Tejuino is an artisanal Mexican fermented corn beverage with limited shelf life, challenging industrial production. Research on microbial safety methods remains scarce despite their cultural importance. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Ultrasound-assisted thermal processing (USTP) on microbial safety and physicochemical properties on tejuino beverage. Materials and Methods. Commercial tejuino samples (200mL) underwent ultrasonic treatment at 0.5 kJ/mL at 20 °C, followed by thermal treatment at 45-65°C (USTP– USTP 65). Fresh, pasteurized (65°C/30 min), and ultrasound-treated samples served as controls. Analyses included microbiological [aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB), coliform bacteria (CB), molds and yeasts (MY), lactic acid bacteria (LAB)] and physicochemical parameters (pH, acidity, soluble solids, browning index, density, viscosity, conductivity, turbidity, color), as well as antioxidants [total soluble phenols (TSP), DPPH, ABTS, FRAP]. Results. AMB, CB, and MY counts decreased under USTP treatments while maintaining substantial LAB concentrations in a temperature-dependent response (USTP45–USTP65) compared to controls. All physicochemical properties except density were altered by USTP treatments in a temperature-dependent manner compared to fresh control. USTP45, USTP50, and USTP55 treatments showed similar TSP content and antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS compared to ultrasound-treated and fresh controls, while FRAP values decreased significantly in temperatures of >50°C. Conclusions. The ultrasound-assisted thermal processing can be a viable alternative for the industrial manufacturing of tejuino.
Macroinvertebrate Communities and Ecological Quality of Springs under Anthropogenic and Thermal Influences in the Chili RiverSub-Basin, Arequipa, Peru
Introduction. Springs are natural discharges of groundwater to the surface and represent strategic resources for water supply, biodiversity conservation, and social and economic well-being. Understanding their ecology is essential for establishing priorities for sustainable management and conservation. Objectives. To characterize the structure of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities and assess water quality in three springs—one hydrothermal—of the Chili River sub-basin, Arequipa, Peru. Materials and Methods. A non-experimental, cross-sectional design was applied. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled using a Surber net, and physicochemical parameters were measured in situ with a multiparameter probe. Results. A total of 42 aquatic macroinvertebrate families were recorded across the three springs. Chironomidae and Hydroptilidae dominated in Ojo del Milagro; Hyalellidae and Glossosomatidae in Yumina; and Hydroptilidae and Naididae in Yura. Significant differences were observed among springs in physicochemical and hydrological characteristics, as well as in the structural composition of macroinvertebrate communities. The mean Andean Biotic Index (ABI) scores indicated water quality ranging from good to very good. Conclusions. The composition and structure of macroinvertebrate communities differed significantly among the three springs, driven mainly by local physicochemical conditions and water use at each site.
Semiparametric Time Series Regression Using Exponential Complex Fourier Series for Temperature Prediction in the Tropical Rainforest of Samarinda
Introduction. Forecasting temperature in tropical rainforest regions is challenging due to complex seasonality and nonlinear trends that conventional models often fail to capture. Addressing this, advanced modeling approaches are required for more accurate climate predictions. Objectives. This study aims to construct and apply the STSR-ECFS model for temperature forecasting in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, and to assess its predictive performance using standard accuracy metrics. Materials and Methods. The STSR-ECFS model combines an autoregressive parametric component with a nonparametric component constructed using the exponential complex Fourier series. The model was trained and validated on monthly temperature data from 2015 to 2024, with the optimal number of oscillations determined by Generalized Cross Validation (GCV). Performance was assessed using Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for both in sample and outof- sample data. Results and Discussion. The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with MAPE consistently less than 10% for both in-sample and out-of sample. It effectively captured both seasonal fluctuations and long-term warming trends in Samarinda’s temperature data. Conclusions. The STSR-ECFS is a flexible and accurate model for temperature forecasting in tropical rainforest climates, with potential applications in climate adaptation strategies, early warning systems, and other climate variables with similar data characteristics. The model could inform policy decisions on climate adaptation, aiding local governments and environmental agencies in managing risks and formulating mitigation strategies. Its integration into national climate action plans can enhance decision-making for sustainable development and disaster risk reduction.
Clustering and Forecasting Beef Prices: WPGMA and Time Series Regression Integration
Introduction. Beef is the second most consumed animal protein in Indonesia after chicken. Its demand increases during Eid al-Fitr and Eid al Adha, driving seasonal price spikes. These fluctuations challenge the government in maintaining price stability, with regional differences further complicating policy decisions. Objectives. This study aims to group Indonesian provinces by monthly beef price trends using time series clustering and to perform group-level forecasting with Time Series Regression that incorporates the effects of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al Adha. This approach simplifies modeling complexity and supports efficient policy-making for beef price stabilization. Materials and Methods. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to optimize the dataset before clustering using the Weighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (WPGMA) algorithm, combined with the Autocorrelation-Function (ACF) Distance similarity measure. Time Series Regression (TSR) models with dummy variables for Eid al-Fitr and Eid alAdha effects were then applied to each cluster for forecasting. Results. The analysis identified five optimal clusters, with a silhouette coefficient value of 0.61. Forecasting within each cluster showed in sample MAPE values ranging from 1.05% to 5.15%. All clusters exhibited an increasing trend in beef prices from September 2023 to August 2024, highlighting the impact of calendar events and regional characteristics on price dynamics. Conclusions. The clustering-based forecasting approach effectively simplifies price analysis across regions, supporting targeted policy interventions and improving the accuracy of beef price predictions in Indonesia.
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Mathematics Education and Overcome Instructional Challenges
Introduction. Mathematics has played a foundational role in the development of computer science, and its teaching now faces the challenge of integrating digital technologies— particularly artificial intelligence (AI)— for educational purposes. Objective. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an AI-based tool in school-level mathematics instruction, particularly in addressing didactic challenges. Materials and Methods. A quasi-experimental, mixed-methods design was implemented during the 2023–2024 academic year with a sample of 100 secondary school students in Kyiv. Pre- and post-test results were compared between a control group and an experimental group that used the Photomath application. Additionally, a student perception survey was conducted. Results. The experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement in mathematics performance (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Furthermore, 82% of students reported increased motivation, and 90% stated that Photomath facilitated their learning. These findings suggest that AI can serve as an effective support in the teaching and learning process. Conclusions. Integrating AI into mathematics education requires adaptations in curricula and teaching methodologies to meet the demands of today’s digital learning environments. When supported by proper teacher training and pedagogical frameworks, AI can enhance student understanding, motivation, and academic achievement.
Induction of Epidermal Pigmentation in ICR Mice through Weekly Sunlight Exposure: A Pilot Experimental Study
Introduction. One reason for hyperpigmentation is elevated melanin deposition in the epidermis. Studies on hyperpigmentation are being increasingly reported, and one of the challenges of studying hyperpigmentation is to induce a large number of pigments on the epidermis of laboratory mice to mimic the condition in humans. Objective. Hence, this study aimed to conduct a pilot study to determine the number of pigments produced on the epidermis following weekly sunlight exposure. Materials and Methods. This study involved 40 Mus musculus (mice) of the ICR strain that were exposed to noon (11 am to 1 pm) sunlight once a week with different durations (ranging from 15 minutes to 120 minutes) for 3 weeks. The number of pigments produced was counted at the end of the experiment, and the obtained data were statistically analysed. Results and Discussion. Pigmentations were observed in almost all studied groups, with the highest in the group exposed for three weeks with the longest exposure time (105 – 120 minutes). Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that both sunlight exposure duration (p < 0.0001) and weekly exposure over time (p = 0.031) had a significant influence on pigmentation. Post-hoc Tukey HSD analysis showed that 105–120 minutes of exposure significantly increased pigmentation than other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The present findings showed the appearance of pigmentations on the epidermis, but most of these conditions are insufficient to induce the large number of pigments needed to conduct studies on hyperpigmentation. Further studies are required to obtain the optimal effective frequency and durations of sunlight exposure to induce the right amount of pigmentation for scientific research.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in slaughterhouse horses and donkeys from the North and Northeast of Colombia
Introduction. Gastrointestinal parasites represent one of the most significant health problems in equines, affecting welfare, production, and performance. Objective. The objective of this study was to report the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) from different regions of Colombia. Materials and methods. A random sampling design was implemented on animals slaughtered at a processing facility located in Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia. A total of 292 fecal samples from the digestive systems of the slaughtered horses and donkeys were collected. Fecal samples were processed using the McMaster coprological technique. In addition, the same number of livers was inspected for adult forms of Fasciola hepatica. Results and discussion. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 96.9% (283/292), with the highest values for Strongylus sp., followed by Strongyloides sp., Trichostrongylus sp., and Parascaris equorum. No significant differences were found according to sex, species, municipality, or department. In the present study, no adult forms of Fasciola hepatica were observed in the inspected livers. Conclusion. The high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites found in this research could be controlled through effective health plans and antiparasitic control in animals from the regions under study. Key words: parasites, gastrointestinal, horses, donkeys, slaughterhouse, Colombia
Therapeutic potential of biosynthesized nanoparticles using Echinacea species in biological applications
Introduction. Echinacea species, particularly Echinacea purpurea, possess bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. When formulated into nanoparticles, these compounds may overcome limitations of solubility, stability, and bioavailability, thereby enhancing therapeutic potential against conditions such as antimicrobial resistance, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and cancer. Objective. The aim was to synthesize available evidence on the physicochemical properties and biomedical applications of Echinacea-based nanostructures. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect following PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed studies in English describing Echinacea-derived nanoparticles with reported biomedical or therapeutic effects were included. Non-peer reviewed and non-English works were excluded. Screening was performed in two stages, and data on nanoparticle properties, analytical methods, and biological outcomes were narratively synthesized. From 2,862 records, 22 studies met inclusion criteria. Results. Evidence consistently demonstrated that Echinacea-derived nanoparticles possess multifunctional biological activities. Inorganic systems showed strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, with performance influenced by particle size, crystallinity, and surface chemistry. Polymeric and lipid-based carriers improved stability, enhanced bioactive retention, and promoted higher cell viability, while hybrid systems such as electrospun nanofibers integrated antimicrobial action with wound-healing capacity. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory outcomes were frequently reported, confirming broad therapeutic relevance. Conclusions. Nanoparticle enhanced formulations of Echinacea exhibit strong potential for innovative biomedical applications, including antimicrobial coatings, wound healing, immunotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and chronic disease management. To advance clinical translation, future work must focus on standardizing synthesis protocols, ensuring long-term safety, and clarifying underlying molecular mechanisms.
Canine Lead Exposure in Automotive Repair Workshops: A Pilot Study Conducted in Cajamarca City, Peru
Introduction. Lead is a heavy metal widely used in the automotive industry and is considered one of the most harmful toxic agents for living organisms. Dogs inhabiting automotive repair workshops may experience chronic exposure to this metal, making them potential sentinels of environmental contamination. Objective. This study aimed to determine blood lead levels in dogs residing in automotive repair workshops in the city of Cajamarca (Peru). Materials and Methods. Blood lead levels were quantified in 16 dogs using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results and Discussion. Blood lead levels ranged from 0.427 μg/dL (0.0043 ppm) to 4.348 μg/dL (0.0435 ppm), with a mean ± standard deviation of 2.264 ± 1.243 μg/dL and a coefficient of variation of 54.907%. A proportion of the evaluated dogs (18.75%; 3/16) presented blood lead levels exceeding 3.5 μg/dL, the reference value established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for children in the United States, indicating environmental exposure within these settings. Conclusions. Although most dogs exhibited blood lead levels below the critical threshold for human health, the presence of elevated levels in certain individuals suggests potential long-term risks for both the animals and workshop personnel. These findings highlight the need for further research to identify sources of exposure and assess their implications within a One Health framework.
Assessment of Strength and Stability in Cold Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced with 0.20% and 0.25% Polypropylene Microfibers
Introduction. The incorporation of new materials and technologies has opened avenues for research in asphalt mixtures. Various studies have focused on modifying conventional manufacturing methods by replacing or enhancing traditional components. Among these, synthetic polypropylene microfibers have been investigated as partial substitutes for mineral aggregates. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the indirect tensile strength and stability of cold asphalt mixtures reinforced with 0.20% and 0.25% polypropylene microfibers. Materials and Methods. A reference cold asphalt mixture (sand-asphalt) was prepared following the Hubbard-Field method. Two modified mixtures were produced by replacing a proportion of the aggregate with 0.20% and 0.25% microfibers by volume. The index properties of the modified mixtures were assessed and compared to the reference mixture. Indirect tensile strength tests were also conducted. Results. The incorporation of polypropylene microfibers increased stability under ambient conditions by up to 21% and improved indirect tensile strength by approximately 100% compared to the reference mixture. Compatibility and reduction of air voids were also enhanced. However, swelling increased notably at 0.25% microfiber content, exceeding specification limits, while water absorption remained within acceptable ranges. Conclusions. Reinforcing cold asphalt mixtures with polypropylene microfibers resulted in significant improvements in stability, compaction, and tensile strength without compromising essential performance criteria.
Effects of Crude Ground Biarum bovei Powder on the Morphophysiological Characteristics of Two Lupinus albus L. Varieties
Introduction. Biarum bovei Blume is a medicinal plant native to eastern Libya. Although its phytochemical profile has been partially documented, its allelopathic behavior toward cultivated species remains unexplored. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic effects of incorporating crude leaf and tuber powder of B. bovei into soil on the growth and yield of two Lupinus albus L. varieties (sweet and bitter). Materials and Methods. The pot experiments were conducted during the 2023 growing season at Omar Al-Mukhtar University. Crude powder of B. bovei leaves and tubers was incorporated into pots at 0, 5, and 10 g/kg soil. Ten seeds of each lupine variety were sown per pot in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Morphological and biochemical parameters were measured after four months. Results. The crude powder significantly inhibited several morphological and biochemical traits (P < 0.05), including seedling emergence rate (from 100% to 25%), shoot length, root length, fresh weight per plant (from 6.4 g to 1.8 g), and photosynthetic pigments, notably chlorophyll a (from 1.66 to 0.48 mg/g). Phosphorus, iron, sodium, phenols, and alkaloids also decreased. In contrast, potassium, copper, total nitrogen, crude protein, and proline increased under treatment. The strongest inhibition was recorded with tuber powder at 10 g/kg, and the sweet variety was more sensitive. Conclusions. These findings suggest that B. bovei residues can negatively impact L. albus growth and productivity, particularly when derived from tubers. Further field studies are needed to assess potential implications for crop management.
Astichopus multifidus and Holothuria floridana from Yucatecan Coast as potential source of antifungal agents.
Introduction. Infections caused by pathogenic fungi present a persistent public health challenge. Marine invertebrates, such as sea cucumbers (holothurians), are recognized for their high protein content and various medicinal properties. They also serve as reservoirs of bioactive compounds. In the territorial waters of México, six sea cucumber species, including Astichopus multifidus, Isostichopus badionotus, and Holothuria floridana, are found along the Yucatán Peninsula. However, overexploitation threatens these species, potentially diminishing valuable sources of antimicrobial agents. Objectives. This study aims to evaluate the antifungal activity of organic extracts from A. multifidus and H. floridana against various fungal strains, using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) assays. Materials and Methods. Organic extracts from A. multifidus and H. floridana were obtained and tested for antifungal activity using a microdilution method. The MIC and MFC values were determined against a panel of fungal strains, including Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus niger, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Extracts from Isostichopus badionotus were also evaluated. Results and Discussion. Approximately 50% of the extracts exhibited antifungal activity. Butanolic body extracts from A. multifidus and H. floridana displayed the lowest MIC values (15.6 µg/mL) against T. rubrum and A. niger, respectively. Additionally, these extracts demonstrated antifungal activity (31.2 µg/mL) against C. neoformans. In contrast, extracts from I. badionotus showed no activity. These results suggest that A. multifidus and H. floridana contain bioactive compounds with antifungal potential. Conclusions. The antifungal properties of A. multifidus and H. floridana highlight their potential as sources of novel antifungal agents. Their sustainable use could contribute to the development of new antifungals
Integration of Virtual Manipulatives for Teaching and Learning Perimeter and Area in Lower Secondary Education
Introduction. The integration of digital resources in mathematics education has shown promise in improving students’ conceptual understanding. Virtual manipulatives, in particular, are designed to support abstract reasoning through interactive and visual learning environments. Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of virtual manipulatives on seventh-grade students’ learning outcomes and engagement during the instruction of perimeter and area. Materials and Methods. A quasi-experimental, mixed methods design was employed involving two intact seventh-grade classes (N=32) from a public school in Mitrovica, Kosovo. One class served as the experimental group, receiving instruction with virtual manipulatives, while the control group followed traditional methods. The intervention spanned two weeks and included pre- and post-tests, a student questionnaire, and an observation checklist. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software, including paired and independent samples t-tests, while qualitative insights were gathered through observation. Results. The experimental group demonstrated significantly higher post-test scores compared to the control group (p =0 .005), indicating improved understanding of perimeter and area. Questionnaire results revealed high levels of motivation, enjoyment, and perceived learning benefits among students exposed to virtual manipulatives. Observation data supported these findings, showing increased engagement, collaboration, and positive behavioral changes. Conclusions. The findings confirm that virtual manipulatives positively influence students’ academic performance and attitudes in mathematics. They support both cognitive and affective domains of learning, offering an effective strategy for teaching geometric concepts. Further research is encouraged to explore long-term effects across broader student populations.
Suicidal Risk in Penitentiary Facilities in Bucaramanga (Colombia): A Logit Model for Early Detection
Introduction. People deprived of liberty are exposed to multiple risk factors that lead to physical and emotional deterioration, thereby increasing their vulnerability to suicide. It is imperative to identify reliable warning signs to prevent this issue and to guide the implementation of life- reserving interventions. Objectives. To analyze sociodemographic, penitentiary, and psychological factors associated with suicidal risk among individuals incarcerated in correctional facilities in Bucaramanga. Materials and Methods. The SCL-90 Symptom Inventory and the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale were administered to a non-random sample of 73 incarcerated individuals who voluntarily agreed to participate. In addition to descriptive analyses and tests comparing means and proportions across groups defined by suicide risk status, a logit model was estimated to identify variables influencing the probability of suicidal risk. Results and Discussion. The prevalence of suicidal risk in the sample was 70%. The presence of suicidal ideation (AME = 18.96 pp, p = 0.042), together with certain psychosomatic dimensions—such as obsessive-compulsive behavior (AME = 24.46 pp, p = 0.029) and sensitivity (AME = 21.82 pp, p= 0.004)—emerged as relevant indicators for early detection of suicidal risk. Conclusions. The findings are consistent with prior studies reporting a high incidence of suicidal risk in this population, significantly influenced by psychosomatic factors and suicidal ideation. Life preservation programs (AME = –21.91 pp, p= 0.061) may contribute to mitigating this issue.
Automatic shape optimization of the first step labyrinth seal of a geothermal steam turbine
Introduction. The design of straight labyrinth seals for a steam turbine has had little progress concerning their geometry. As an auxiliary system, its current shape causes a significant loss of efficiency in this machine. Objective. This study aims to evaluate the use of an automatic optimization process to define a more suitable seal profile that increases the pressure ratio at the first stage of a steam turbine installed in a geothermal field in México. Materials and Methods. Multidisciplinary software, controlled by a PowerShell script, were coupled to optimize the seal shape in response to the flow and pressure field given by a computationally cheap CFD model of the first step of the labyrinth seal. Results and Discussion. By parameterizing the seal geometry, the leading edge was automatically manipulated with the numerical algorithm, obtaining an angle tendency towards 45°. This new leading edge decreased the outlet pressure of the seal system by 1.2%, which, for a total of 5 stages in the turbine with the same seals, would result in a 6% pressure reduction. Conclusions. It is inferred that this practical methodology could easily update the seal design during the turbine re-powering operations.