Rev Cuid. 2024; 15(1): e3233

http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3233

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Profile of violence against the older adults in Brazil according to Brazilian capitals

Perfil de la violencia contra las personas mayores en Brasil según las capitales brasileñas

Perfil da violência contra o idoso no Brasil segundo as capitais brasileiras

Faculdade Municipal Professor Franco Montoro, Mogi Guaçu, Brasil. E-mail: larissabovolenta@gmail.com Autor de Correspondência Larissa Cipriano Bovolenta
Faculdade Municipal Professor Franco Montoro, Mogi Guaçu, Brasil. E-mail: juliadelimamantovani@gmail.com Julia de Lima Mantovani
Faculdade Municipal Professor Franco Montoro, Mogi Guaçu, Brasil. E-mail: fernanda.frisanco@francomontoro.com.br Fernanda Menegatti Frisanco
Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) campus universitário Professor Eugênio Carlos Stieler, Tangará da Serra, Brasil. E-mail: akeisa_drdv@hotmail.com Akeisa Dieli Ribeiro Dalla Vechia

Highlights

 

How to cite this article: Bovolenta, Larissa Cipriano; Mantovani, Julia de Lima; Frisanco, Fernanda Menegatti; Vechia, Akeisa Dieli Ribeiro Dalla. Profile of violence against the older adults in Brazil according to Brazilian capitals. Revista Cuidarte. 2024;15(1):e3233. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3233

Received: June 21th 2023
Accepted: October 10th 2023
Published:January 29th 2024

CreativeCommons 

E-ISSN: 2346-3414

Abstract

Introduction: Violence against older adults is a public health problem, being camouflaged in society due to the relationship between aggressors and victims. Objective: To analyze the profile of violence against older person in Brazil according to data from Brazilian capitals between 2011 and 2019, emphasizing the characteristics of the victims, the aggressors and the violence. Materials and Methods: This is a temporal ecological epidemiological research, collecting information from the DATASUS database of the Ministry of Health, and consulting the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). The population was made up of older adults with reported cases of violence between 2011 and 2019. Results: The majority of cases were female, with schooling corresponding to incomplete 1st-4th grade, white, with physical violence being the most recurrent, with repetition, within the residence, and the main aggressors were the children. Discussion: The predominance of females is justified by gender/sociocultural, the majority of victims are white, consistent with Brazilian self-declaration, level of education and greater distribution of uneducated older adults. Physical violence is the most prevalent, as it is more visible, favoring its identification. Older adults spend more time at home, triggering risk factors related to the aggressors, with children being more prevalent due to family structural changes. Conclusion: The study made it possible to profile violence against the old person, exposing the characteristics of this population and identifying possible risk/protective factors; the study also made it possible to identify the importance of correctly filling out the report form and the need to readjust the physical form and the information system

Key Words: Elderly; Violence; Elder Abuse.

Resumen

Introducción: La violencia contra las personas mayores es un problema de salud pública, camuflándose en la sociedad debido a la relación entre agresores y víctimas. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil de la violencia contra las personas mayores en Brasil según datos de las capitales brasileñas entre 2011 y 2019, destacando las características de la víctima, el agresor y la violencia. Materiales y Métodos: Se trata de una investigación epidemiológica ecológica temporal, recogiendo información de la base de datos DATASUS del Ministerio de Salud, consultando el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades De Notificación (SINAN). La población estuvo constituida por personas mayores con casos de violencia reportados entre 2011-2019. Resultados: La mayoría de los casos fueron del sexo femenino, con escolaridad de 1º a 4º grado incompleta, de raza blanca, siendo la violencia física la más recurrente, con repetición, dentro de la residencia y los principales agresores fueron los hijos. Discusión: El predominio del sexo femenino se justifica por el género/sociocultural, la mayoría de las víctimas son blancas, en consonancia con la autodeclaración brasileña, el nivel de escolaridad y la mayor distribución de ancianos sin escolarización. La violencia física es la más prevalente, ya que es más visible, favoreciendo su identificación. Las personas mayores pasan más tiempo en casa, lo que desencadena factores de riesgo relacionados con el agresor, siendo más prevalentes los hijos debido a los cambios estructurales familiares. Conclusión: El estudio permitió perfilar la violencia contra el anciano, exponiendo las características de esta población e identificando posibles factores de riesgo/protección; permitió identificar la importancia del correcto llenado del formulario de notificación y la necesidad de reajustar el formulario físico y el sistema de información.

Palabras Clave: Ancianos; Violencia; Abuso de Ancianos.

Resumo

Introdução: A violência contra a pessoa idosa é um problema de saúde pública, sendo camuflada na sociedade devida relação entre agressores e vítimas. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil da violência contra o idoso no Brasil de acordo com dados das capitais brasileiras entre 2011- 2019, enfatizando as características da vítima, do agressor e da violência. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa epidemiológica ecológica temporal, com coleta de informações na base de dados do DATASUS do Ministério da Saúde, consultando-se o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). A população foi composta por idosos com casos de violência notificados entre 2011-2019. Resultados: A maioria dos casos foi do sexo feminino, escolaridade de 1ª-4ª séries incompletas, cor branca, sendo a violência física mais recorrente, com repetição, dentro da residência e como principal agressor os filhos. Discussão: A predominância do sexo feminino se justifica pelo gênero/socioculturais, a maioria das vítimas são brancas, condizendo com a autodeclaração brasileira, nível de escolaridade e maior distribuição de idosos sem instrução. A violência física é a mais predominante, por ser mais visível, o favorecendo sua identificação. O idoso passa mais tempo em casa, desencadeando fatores de risco relativos ao agressor, sendo os filhos mais prevalentes pelas mudanças estruturais familiares. Conclusão: O estudo possibilitou perfilar a violência contra o idoso, expondo as características dessa população e identificando possíveis fatores de risco/proteção; possibilitou identificar a importância do preenchimento correto da ficha de notificação e a necessidade de readequação da ficha física e do sistema de informação.

Palavras-Chave: Idosos; Violência; Abuso de Idosos.

Introduction

Population aging has become an achievement, occurring especially due to reductions in fertility rates and increased life expectancy1. According to projections, the world's older adults population will increase between 2015 and 2050 from 12% to 22%, corresponding to 2 billion individuals2. At a national level, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), between 2015 and 2050 the older adults population will be 66,265,645, with an aging rate from 37% to 142%3.

As aging is a dynamic process, there are several physiological and pathological changes, such as decreased visual and hearing acuity, difficulty in locomotion, heart and respiratory diseases, among others. These factors predispose the older adults to changes in mental and physical capabilities and functionalities, increasing the chance of vulnerabilities, such as violence4-5.

Violence includes embarrassment, use of physical superiority, power struggles, aggression, intra-family and community, economic and psychological abuse, among others. Such facts can lead to financial, mental and emotional losses for the victim and their family, health system expenses, reduced quality of life and death6.

Violence against the older adults, according to the World Health Organization, can be defined as any action, single or repeated, or even omission, in a relationship with an expectation of trust, causing harm or distress to the older adults. The literature points to six types of violence against older adults: physical, sexual, psychological, financial/economic, institutional, abandonment and neglect7.

According to the WHO, one in every six older adults in the world has experienced violence5. In Brazil, in 2019, violence against the older person was the second most reported cause of rights violations, around 48,446 cases (30%)8; it is estimated that 5% to 10% of the older population suffers violence8-9.

According to data from DATASUS in Brazil between the years 2011 – 2019, the region that achieved the highest rate of violence against the older adults was the Southeast with 10,874 cases, while the Northeast region had a milestone of 5,431 cases, ranking second and third place we have the central west region with 5,218 cases, in the south region 3,562 cases were recorded, and the last place is the north region with 1,084 cases.

Despite being a public health problem, violence against the elderly is still camouflaged due to the proximity of the victim to the aggressor, such as family members or health workers8, with 90% of the incidents occurring in the older adults’ home, 51% of the aggressors being their children and 69% occurring daily, signaling rights violations5,8,9.

The older adults most vulnerable to violence are women10, aged between 76 and 80 years8, with financial and physical dependence. Furthermore, they have health problems, such as mental illnesses, low education, live with younger people and are socially isolated11,12.

The importance of early report of cases of violence by the health service is noted to also identify risk factors and take appropriate measures in the face of suspected and confirmed cases; in addition to raising awareness among the population13.

The profile identification and factors associated with this phenomenon in the older population enables appropriate health actions for prevention and control.

There is still little research on the prevalence of violence against the older adults in Brazilian capitals. Therefore, the question arises: What are the characteristics of violence against older adults in Brazil according to the capitals of Brazil? It is believed that violence against the older person in our country is prevalent, more frequent in older adults with physical, economic and social vulnerabilities.

Therefore, the present work aims to analyze the profile of violence against the older adults in Brazil according to data from Brazilian capitals in the period between 2011 and 2019, emphasizing the characteristics of the victims, the aggressors and the violence.

 

Materials and method

This is a descriptive ecological epidemiological study. Information was collected about violence against the older adults in Brazilian capitals, totaling data from 26 (twenty-six) capitals and 1 (one) Federal District; the information was obtained from the Ministry of Health's DATASUS database, an online health information system consulted on the website:http://www.datasus.gov.br 14. The population was made up of older adults with reported cases of violence (confirmed or suspected) between 2011 and 2019. The choice of beginning in 2011 was due to the landmark of violence as a compulsory report problem and the deadline of 2019 was the last year in which the data were updated in the Disease Report Information System (SINAN), within DATASUS, until the data collect. The dataset was stored in the Dryad Digital Repository DataSet15.

Inclusion criteria

Be 60 years of age or older, with a case of violence reported (suspected or confirmed) by a professional in the Unified Health System (SUS) between 2011 and 2019, first through the physical report form (paper) and, subsequently, transferred to the online information system. Only data on interpersonal violence and by Brazilian capital were used.

Exclusion criteria

Data from the subcategories called “ignored” and “blank” were excluded, as such data, even with the largest quantities, did not corroborate the obtaining of data that qualified the real profile of violence.

Data collection and analysis

The information was taken from DATASUS, using the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) as a source. It appears that the collection was carried out using the values of Brazilian capitals as representatives of the values of violence against the older adults by states. Data were collected related to the number of cases per capital, the number of cases per year through the sum of cases in the capitals, the characteristics of the aggressor (life cycle and relationship with the victim), the characteristics of the victim (sociodemographic variables) and the characteristics of the violence (place of occurrence, repetition, type, suspected alcohol use). Subsequently, the results were described in terms of the observed characteristics and justified according to current literature (studies between 2017 and 2021). The data obtained were transcribed into the Microsoft Office Excel software statistical package, version 2014, for data processing and presentation in graphs and tables to better describe the results, grouped, systematized and analyzed. The database used for storage was Microsoft 365, version 2020.

Ethical aspects

This research was based on public domain data, made available by the Ministry of Health and which protects the identity of the subjects, therefore not requiring consideration and approval by the Research Ethics Committee (REC).

 

Resuls

It is observed that in population terms, during the period studied, there was a higher prevalence of female victims (57.30%), white color/race (47.32%). As for the victims' education, the main level was incomplete 1st to 4th grade (30.02%), according to Table 1 .

 

Table 1. Characteristics of older adults who are victims of violence, according to sociodemographic variables, according to Brazilian capitals, 2011-2019

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The main type of violence was physical (41.92%), the place of greatest occurrence was at home (77.32%), violence was repeated in 63.80% of cases and in the majority (66.87%) there was no suspected of alcohol consumption (Table 2 ).

 

Table 2. Characteristics of violence against older adults, according to variables of type, location, repetition and use of alcohol, according to Brazilian capitals, 2011-2019

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Table 2. Characteristics of violence against older adults, according to variables of type, location, repetition and use of alcohol, according to Brazilian capitals, 2011-2019

Variables N p-value
Type of Violence
   Physical 14.462 41.92
   Psychological 6.063 17.57
   Torture 356 1.03
   Financial 2.138 6.20
   Human trafficking 10 0.03
   Sexual 695 2.01
   Negligence/Abandonment 10.414 30.19
   Legal intervention 54 0.16
   Others 307 0.89
Place of occurrence of violence
   Residence 17.738 77.32
   Collective housing 328 1.43
   School 29 0.13
   Sports practice place 15 0.07
   Bar or similar 263 1.15
   Public highway 2.681 11.69
   Commerce and services 707 3.08
   Industry/construction 15 0.07
   Others 1.166 5.08
Repeated violence
   Yes 10.885 63.80
   No 6.175 36.20
Suspeita do uso de álcool
   Yes 4.780 33.13
   No 9.649 66.87

                Source: Ministry of Health/ SVS - Notifiable Diseases Information System – Sinan Net.

 

In Table 3 we present the main characteristics of the aggressor of violence against the older person. The main relationship between aggressor-victim was that of son/daughter (41.55%), and in relation to the life cycle of this aggressor, the main one was the adult (70.32%).

 

Table 3. Characteristics of the aggressor of violence against the older person, according to relationship variables with the victim and the aggressor's life cycle, according to Brazilian capitals, 2011-2019

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Table 3. Characteristics of the aggressor of violence against the older person, according to relationship variables with the victim and the aggressor's life cycle, according to Brazilian capitals, 2011-2019

Variables N p-value
Relationship with the victim
   Spouse 2.263 9.23
   Ex-spouse 418 1.70
   Boyfriend/girlfriend 108 0.44
   Ex-boyfriend/ex-girlfriend 76 0.31
   Son/daughter 10.191 41.55
   Brother 1.147 4.68
   Friend/acquaintance 2.097 8.55
   Unknown 2.954 12.04
   Caregiver 801 3.27
   Employer/chief 35 0.14
   Person with institutional relationship 292 1.19
   Police/law enforcement officer 63 0.26
   Other ties 4.081 16.64
Aggressor life cycle
   Adolescent 392 3.60
   Young people 1.071 9.84
   Adults 7.654 70.32
   Older adults 1.767 16.23

Source: Ministry of Health/ SVS - Notifiable Diseases Information System – Sinan Net.

 

It is observed that in the prevalence of violence per year according to the capitals of Brazil, in 2019 there were more reports, 5.140 cases, followed by 2018 with 4.707, and 2017 with 4.286, as shown in Figure 1 .

 

Figure 1. Number of reports of violence against older adults per year, according to the sum of values for Brazilian capitals, 2011-2019

Source: Ministry of Health/ SVS - Notifiable Diseases Information System – Sinan Net.

 

Figure 2 shows the capitals of Brazil, represented by the name of their states, with the absolute frequencies of interpersonal violence. The highest values obtained were in São Paulo (SP) with 5.279 reports, followed by Campo Grande (MS) with 3.735 and Rio de Janeiro (RJ) with 3.456. The capitals with the lowest reported values were Macapá (AP) with 27, Porto Velho (RO) with 52 and Florianópolis (SC) with 108 reported cases.

 

Figure 2. Number of reports of interpersonal violence against older adults by Brazilian capital as representatives of Brazilian states, 2011-2019

Source: Ministry of Health/ SVS - Notifiable Diseases Information System – Sinan Net.

 

Discusion

The research identified a higher prevalence of female victims, white color/race, with incomplete 1st to 4th grade education. The main type of violence was physical, the place of greatest occurrence being the residence, indicated with repeated episodes and unrelated to alcohol consumption. Regarding the aggressor, the main one was the son/daughter, also showing a high prevalence of unknown aggressors; Furthermore, the aggressors were adults. Regarding reports per year in the capitals, 2019 had more cases, with the capital São Paulo having the highest values.

In this study, there was a prevalence of violence against older women, which may be related to gender/sociocultural issues16. The literature reports a correlation between violence against the older adults and the feminization of old age, that is, there are older women than older men, explained by differences in life expectancy between the sexes17-18. Despite their longevity, women have more comorbidities, lower quality of life and greater dependence on caregivers, increasing the chance of violence18,19. Thus, although women live longer, they become more prone to abuse, contributing to the sociocultural aspects of gender and aging16-19.

Regarding the race of the victims, the study characterized a higher prevalence of the white race, probably related to the characteristics of the Brazilian population, the majority of which self-declare as white, 42.7% of the population, 45.1% of mixed race and 8.9% of black. Furthermore, this issue may be related to the process of inequality in access to information and studies for the black population20.

Regarding education, there is a prevalence of incomplete grades 1st to 4th; however, there is no agreement in the literature between this level of education and violence against the older adults13. In Brazil, there is a greater distribution of older adults with no education or with incomplete elementary education, which could justify21. Even without consensus, literature justifies education in terms of older adults’ perception of violence suffered, that is: the higher the education, the lower the prevalence of violence22-25. According to the literature, it is possible to correlate low education with dependence in activities of daily living, a risk factor for abuse20. There are also studies that link low education with income: the lower the education, the lower the income and the more prone to violence12-24.

Regarding the type of violence, physical violence stands out, which can be justified because it is more noticeable, that is, as it causes visible injuries, such as bruises, it becomes easier for another person to identify it26,27.

The study presented residence as the place of greatest occurrence, which is consistent with national literature. The older person, due to the aging process, such as dependence on certain activities, tend to stay at home longer, configuring a risk factor21-27-29. Furthermore, it is possible to correlate the higher prevalence of cases involving older women and the cases of abuse occurring at home, since in the national culture, women spend more time at home, with less external contact23,30.

Repeated violence, listed as prevalent, is not explained in the literature, but studies assume explanations, such as failure to report the aggressor - who in most cases is known - due to fear of loss of connection, fear, shame, etc., causing the violence to continue31-33. In this way, whoever identifies the abuse becomes, in most cases, an outsider, especially because the older person seeks to justify the abuse suffered and does not identify it as violence31. Due to the proximity to their aggressor being linked to repetition, many older adults are unable to perceive the violence16,27-31. Thus, repetition demonstrates that behind each reported case of violence, there were several unreported episodes.

Regarding the aggressor, it is observed that children are the most prevalent in this study, as in the literature. This can be justified by changes in family structures, such as children separating from their spouses, lack of economic stability, among others16,27. There is, therefore, a need for family reorganization, as the child will take care of the older person (spontaneous or imposed)10,19,35. Although the children become the caregivers, they often do so informally and empirically, not recognizing the aging process and making caring tiring and stressful, which can create a risk of violence10,16,35-37.

Regarding the prevalence of unknown aggressors, a finding of this study, violence can also be related to ageism, that is, prejudice due to age38,39. The existing prejudice against older adults can be evidenced by the way society looks at the older adults, for example, not recognizing the loss of certain skills and lack of knowledge about senescence and vulnerabilities16,22,35,37,40,41.

The data presented in “other ties” were not described in the form provided by SINAN, as they include other data than those already specified in the table. This is justified by underreporting and inadequate completion of forms at the time of report, which is a reality still present today, already covered in studies, it is estimated that there are five omitted or inconclusive cases for each reported16.

The data collected, based on chronology, tends to increase the number of cases over the years; however, there is still a consensus in the literature. However, some hypotheses, such as the fact that the issue of violence is more discussed and publicized, that is, dissemination of the rights of the older adults and the way to recognize when these rights are disrespected32.

Thus, as society begins to have more knowledge about the subject, there is greater encouragement to report cases (suspected or confirmed) of violence to the authorities, as well as more intense struggles to reduce the number of events23,42. In this way, it is possible to provide more training to health professionals, who can detect cases early, as well as readapting reporting tools23,43,44.

It is observed that the State of São Paulo has the highest number of reports; however, there is no agreement in the literature. Even so, it is possible to point out that the State of São Paulo, due to its development, tends to have a structured support network32,33,44. It is also observed how local political structures can influence the information that is transmitted, that is, São Paulo publicizes cases more, allowing greater knowledge of the problem and the adoption of resolving measures32,42,43.

During the data collection, there was a lot of underreporting and filling failures in the SINAN database, which may occur due to differences between the physical form (paper) and the system form; that is, data filled in on the SINAN physical form is not included in the system, such as the presence of deficiencies or disorders, a factor that could help in understanding risk or protective factors. The fact that underreporting is still observed means that the fight for the rights of the older person is hampered, as it hinders the action of public policies, as the amount of reliable data is scarce32.

Underreporting can occur due to lack of preparation and fear, as well as professionals' lack of knowledge about filling out the form and even its importance for recording and using this data31,34,45. For nursing professionals, approaching the victim involves a complexity of factors, not analyzing the case in isolation, but the entire life context, as all factors can become a risk or protection for violence31,45. However, according to the literature, there is a lack of preparation among professionals regarding the identification of cases, how to proceed in confirmed or suspected cases and the fear of involvement with the aggressors. Another factor is the difficulty in referring/counter-referring, which may be related to the undergraduate degree of this professional31,45.

Nurses often feel afraid and choose to report only on Dial 100, which directly interferes with SINAN31 reports. Therefore, it is important to train professionals and provide support to the health network45,46.

Finally, it is worth highlighting the importance of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) as with the multidisciplinary team it becomes easier to identify and report mistreatment. In this sense, it is possible to observe that the older adults’ registration in the FHS and the bond with the team becomes a protective factor, as in addition to having the monitoring of the nurses within the BHU, they are also able to make home visits that can report violence13,36.

In view of this, this study correlates with the practice to expand knowledge regarding the profile of violence against the older adults, allows new tools for measuring cases and greater investments in expanding and disseminating the service sectors and reports of violence against the older adults, proposing intervention measures to minimize damage.

 

Conclusion

The present study allowed us to characterize violence against the older adults in Brazil as more prevalent among females, white people and those with incomplete elementary education, with physical violence being the most recurrent, with repeated episodes, occurring within the residence and children being the aggressors. Although not justifiable, children as the main aggressors may be related to a lack of preparation, as well as the replication of aggressions suffered.

Inadequate completion of report forms results in data not being solid, indicating the uncertainty of the problem. It is also possible to consider that professionals have difficulties filling out the form or the importance of the data, fear, lack of preparation or, even if unjustifiable, excessive daily activities; Regardless, training must take place.

Nurses can notify cases; Those who work at the BHU have greater bonds with the patients, giving this population the opportunity to feel confident in talking about abuse. In other words, these professionals are capable of identifying violence and intervening.

Conflict of Interest: We declare that this work was not subject to any type of conflict of interest throughout its development.

Funding: This research did not receive any funding.

Acknowledgments: I would like to thank my family, my father João, my mother Vera, my sister Ligia and my boyfriend Eberton, who have always been by my side. I thank my advisor, Prof. Ma. Akeisa for guiding me in formulating this research. I would like to thank all my professors at the State University of Mato Grosso and Professor Franco Montoro Municipal college, especially Prof. Fernanda, who, each in their respective areas, contributed to the development of critical-reflective thoughts presented here. I would like to thank my great friend and classmate Isabelle for helping me from the beginning of this research. I would also like to thank my friend Julia who also accepted the fight for this publication.

 

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Barros RL, Leal MC, Marques AP, Lins ME. Violência doméstica contra idosos assistidos na atenção básica. Saude Em Debate. 2019;43(122):793-804. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104201912211

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Lopes ED, D´Elboux MJ. Violência contra a pessoa idosa no município de Campinas, São Paulo, nos últimos 11 anos: uma análise temporal. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2021;24(6) https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020023.200320

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Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100

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Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística- IBGE. Síntese de Indicadores Sociais: uma análise das condições de vida da população brasileira 2020.n.43. Rio de Janeiro [citado 4 nov 2021] Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101760.pdf

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Dias AL, Santos JD, Monteiro GK, Santos RC, Costa GM, Souto RQ. Association of the functional capacity and violence in the elderly community. Rev Bras Enferm. 2020;73(3)e20200209. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0209

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Alarcon MF, Damaceno DG, Lazarini CA, Braccialli LA, Sponchiado VB, Marin MJ. Violência sobre a pessoa idosa: um estudo documental. Rev Rene. 2019;20:e41450. https://doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.20192041450

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Brandão BM, Santos RC, Araújo-Monteiro GK, Carneiro AD, Medeiros FD, Souto RQ. Risk of violence and functional capacity of hospitalized elderly: a cross-sectional study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2021;55:e20200528 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2020-0528

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Du P, Chen Y.Prevalence of elder abuse and victim-related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11175-z

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Sousa RCRD, Araújo GKND, Souto RQ, Santos RCD, Santos RDC, Almeida LR de. Factors associated with the risk of violence against older adult women: a cross-sectional study. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem 2021;29:e3394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3394

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Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR dos, Pontes M de L de F, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783–91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114

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Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freitas CPP, Lawrenz P, Habigzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev. SPAGESP. 2018;19(2):64-80 http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es.

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Maia PHS, Ferreira EF e, Melo EM de, Vargas AMD. Occurrence of violence in the elderly and its associated factors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(2):64–70. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0014

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Matos NM de, Albernaz E de O, Sousa BB de, Braz MC, Vale MS do, Pinheiro HA. Profile of aggressors of older adults receiving care at a geriatrics and gerontology reference center in the Distrito Federal (Federal District), Brazil. Rev bras geriatr gerontol. 2019;22(5):e190095 https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562019022.190095

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Andrade FM, Ribeiro AP, Bernal RT, Machado ÍE, Malta DC. Perfil dos atendimentos por violência contra idosos em serviços de urgência e emergência: análise do VIVA Inquérito 2017. Rev Bras Epidemiologia. 2020;23(1):e200008 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200008.supl.1

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Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. Percepção do Idoso acerca da violência vivida. Rev. baiana enferm. 2020;34:e34825 https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/enfermagem/article/download/34825/20900/130679

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Rocha RC, Côrtes MCJW, Dias EC, Gontijo ED. Violência velada e revelada contra idosos em Minas Gerais-Brasil: análise de denúncias e notificações. Saúde debate. 2018;42(4):81–94 https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042018S406

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Rodrigues RAP, Chiaravalloti-Neto F, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF. Spatial analysis of elder abuse in a Brazilian municipality. Rev Bras Enferm. 2021;74(2):e20190141https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0141

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Referências

Barufaldi LA, Souto RM, Correia RS, Montenegro MD, Pinto IV, Silva MM, et al. Violência de gênero: comparação da mortalidade por agressão em mulheres com e sem notificação prévia de violência. Cienc Amp Saude Coletiva. 2017;22(9):2929-38 https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017229.12712017

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Winck DR, Alvarez am. Percepção de enfermeiros da estratégia saúde da família acerca das causas da violência contra a pessoa idosa. Rev APS. 2018;21(1). https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105

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Referências

Moraes CL, Marques ES, Ribeiro AP, Souza ER. Violência contra idosos durante a pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil: contribuições para seu enfrentamento. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2020;25(2):4177–4184 https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.27662020

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Matos NM, Braz MC, Albernaz EO, Sousa BB, Pinheiro HA, Ferreira DTT. Mediação de conflito: soluções propostas em atendimento a casos de violência contra a pessoa idosa. Rev bras geriatr gerontol. 2021;24(6):e210068 https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020024.210068

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Chang ES, Monin JK, Zelterman D, Levy BR. Impact of structural ageism on greater violence against older persons: a cross-national study of 56 countries. BMJ Open. 2021;11(5):e042580. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042580

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Associação Pan Americana de Saúde-OPAS. Relatório mundial sobre o idadismo: resumo executivo [Internet]. Pan American Health Organization; 2021 [citado 21 set 2021]. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.37774/9789275724309

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Referências

Wanderbroocke ACNS, Camargo D, Rossoni A, Schmitte GR, Costa J, Macedo VB. Sentidos da violência psicológica contra idosos: experiências familiares. Pensando famílias. 2020;24(2):132-146. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-494X2020000200011&lng=pt&tlng=pt

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Referências

Ribeiro MNS, Santo FHE, Diniz CX, Araújo KB, Lisboa MGL, Souza CRS. Evidências científicas da prática da violência contra a pessoa idosa: revisão integrativa. Acta paul enferm. 2021;34:eAPE00403. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AR00403

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Referências

Piuvezam G, Aquino AF, Rocha KP, Oliveira VN, Santos RC, Bezerra IN, et al. Distribuição da morbimortalidade por violência em idosos no Rio Grande do Norte. Av En Enfermeria. 2019;37(2):180-8 https://doi.org/10.15446/av.enferm.v37n2.74745

X

Referências

Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violence against the Brazilian elderlies: an analysis of hospitalizations. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(2):777-785 https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139

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Referências

Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violência contra idosos: uma análise documental. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-460 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7

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Oliveira KS, Carvalho FP, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FT, Martins AG. Violência contra idosos: concepções dos profissionais de enfermagem acerca da detecção e prevenção. Rev Gauch Enferm. 2018;39:e57462 https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462

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Poltronieri BC, Souza ER de, Ribeiro AP. Violência no cuidado em instituições de longa permanência para idosos no Rio de Janeiro: percepções de gestores e profissionais. Saude soc. 2019;28(2):215–226 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902019180202

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  17. Barros RL, Leal MC, Marques AP, Lins ME. Violência doméstica contra idosos assistidos na atenção básica. Saude Em Debate. 2019;43(122):793-804. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104201912211

  18. Lopes ED, D´Elboux MJ. Violência contra a pessoa idosa no município de Campinas, São Paulo, nos últimos 11 anos: uma análise temporal. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2021;24(6) https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020023.200320

  19. Jeon GS, Cho SI, Choi K, Jang KS. Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):100 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010100

  20. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística- IBGE. Síntese de Indicadores Sociais: uma análise das condições de vida da população brasileira 2020.n.43. Rio de Janeiro [citado 4 nov 2021] Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101760.pdf

  21. Dias AL, Santos JD, Monteiro GK, Santos RC, Costa GM, Souto RQ. Association of the functional capacity and violence in the elderly community. Rev Bras Enferm. 2020;73(3)e20200209. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0209

  22. Alarcon MF, Damaceno DG, Lazarini CA, Braccialli LA, Sponchiado VB, Marin MJ. Violência sobre a pessoa idosa: um estudo documental. Rev Rene. 2019;20:e41450. https://doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.20192041450

  23. Brandão BM, Santos RC, Araújo-Monteiro GK, Carneiro AD, Medeiros FD, Souto RQ. Risk of violence and functional capacity of hospitalized elderly: a cross-sectional study. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2021;55:e20200528 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2020-0528

  24. Du P, Chen Y.Prevalence of elder abuse and victim-related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11175-z

  25. Sousa RCRD, Araújo GKND, Souto RQ, Santos RCD, Santos RDC, Almeida LR de. Factors associated with the risk of violence against older adult women: a cross-sectional study. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem 2021;29:e3394. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.4039.3394

  26. Rodrigues RAP, Monteiro EA, Santos AMR dos, Pontes M de L de F, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF, et al. Older adults abuse in three Brazilian cities. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(4):783–91. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0114

  27. Hohendorff JV, Paz AP, Freitas CPP, Lawrenz P, Habigzang LF. Caracterização da violência contra idosos a partir de casos notificados por profissionais da saúde. Rev. SPAGESP. 2018;19(2):64-80 http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-29702018000200006&lng=es.

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  29. Matos NM de, Albernaz E de O, Sousa BB de, Braz MC, Vale MS do, Pinheiro HA. Profile of aggressors of older adults receiving care at a geriatrics and gerontology reference center in the Distrito Federal (Federal District), Brazil. Rev bras geriatr gerontol. 2019;22(5):e190095 https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562019022.190095

  30. Andrade FM, Ribeiro AP, Bernal RT, Machado ÍE, Malta DC. Perfil dos atendimentos por violência contra idosos em serviços de urgência e emergência: análise do VIVA Inquérito 2017. Rev Bras Epidemiologia. 2020;23(1):e200008 https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200008.supl.1

  31. Alarcon MFS, Damaceno DG, Cardoso BC, Sponchiado VBY, Braccialli LAD, Marin MJS. Percepção do Idoso acerca da violência vivida. Rev. baiana enferm. 2020;34:e34825 https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/enfermagem/article/download/34825/20900/130679

  32. Rocha RC, Côrtes MCJW, Dias EC, Gontijo ED. Violência velada e revelada contra idosos em Minas Gerais-Brasil: análise de denúncias e notificações. Saúde debate. 2018;42(4):81–94 https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042018S406

  33. Rodrigues RAP, Chiaravalloti-Neto F, Fhon JRS, Bolina AF. Spatial analysis of elder abuse in a Brazilian municipality. Rev Bras Enferm. 2021;74(2):e20190141https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0141

  34. Barufaldi LA, Souto RM, Correia RS, Montenegro MD, Pinto IV, Silva MM, et al. Violência de gênero: comparação da mortalidade por agressão em mulheres com e sem notificação prévia de violência. Cienc Amp Saude Coletiva. 2017;22(9):2929-38 https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017229.12712017

  35. Winck DR, Alvarez am. Percepção de enfermeiros da estratégia saúde da família acerca das causas da violência contra a pessoa idosa. Rev APS. 2018;21(1). https://doi.org/10.34019/1809-8363.2018.v21.16105

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  37. Chang ES, Monin JK, Zelterman D, Levy BR. Impact of structural ageism on greater violence against older persons: a cross-national study of 56 countries. BMJ Open. 2021;11(5):e042580. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042580

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  40. Ribeiro MNS, Santo FHE, Diniz CX, Araújo KB, Lisboa MGL, Souza CRS. Evidências científicas da prática da violência contra a pessoa idosa: revisão integrativa. Acta paul enferm. 2021;34:eAPE00403. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AR00403

  41. Ribeiro MNS, Santo FHE, Diniz CX, Araújo KB, Lisboa MGL, Souza CRS. Evidências científicas da prática da violência contra a pessoa idosa: revisão integrativa. Acta paul enferm. 2021;34:eAPE00403. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2021AR00403

  42. Piuvezam G, Aquino AF, Rocha KP, Oliveira VN, Santos RC, Bezerra IN, et al. Distribuição da morbimortalidade por violência em idosos no Rio Grande do Norte. Av En Enfermeria. 2019;37(2):180-8 https://doi.org/10.15446/av.enferm.v37n2.74745

  43. Castro VC, Rissardo LK, Carreira L. Violence against the Brazilian elderlies: an analysis of hospitalizations. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(2):777-785 https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0139

  44. Silva GCN, Almeida VL, Brito TRP, Godinho MLSC, Nogueira DA, Chini LT. Violência contra idosos: uma análise documental. Aquichan. 2018;18(4):449-460 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2018.18.4.7

  45. Oliveira KS, Carvalho FP, Oliveira LC, Simpson CA, Silva FT, Martins AG. Violência contra idosos: concepções dos profissionais de enfermagem acerca da detecção e prevenção. Rev Gauch Enferm. 2018;39:e57462 https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2018.57462

  46. Poltronieri BC, Souza ER de, Ribeiro AP. Violência no cuidado em instituições de longa permanência para idosos no Rio de Janeiro: percepções de gestores e profissionais. Saude soc. 2019;28(2):215–226 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902019180202