Rev Cuid. 2024; 15(2): e3512

https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3512

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Knowledge and practice of preconception care among women in southeastern Mexico

Conocimientos y prácticas de atención preconcepcional en mujeres del sureste de México

Conhecimento e prática de cuidados pré-concepcionais entre mulheres do sudeste do México

Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México. E-mail: nora.hernandezmz@uanl.edu.mx Nora Hernández Martínez
Universidad Autónoma del Campeche. E-mail: andreapprzc@gmail.com Andrea Paola Pérez Chablé
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México. E-mail: velia.cardenasvl@uanl.edu.mx Correspondence Author Velia Margarita Cárdenas Villarreal
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México. E-mail: norma.cruzch@uanl.edu.mx Norma Edith Cruz Chávez
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México. E-mail: jsantosen0347@uanl.edu.mx Jesús Melchor Santos Flores

Highlights

 

How to cite this article: Hernández Martínez Nora, Pérez Chablé Andrea Paola, Cárdenas Villareal Velia Margarita, Cruz Chávez Norma Edith, Santos Flores Jesús Melchor. Knowledge and practice of preconception care among women in southeastern Mexico. Revista Cuidarte. 2024;15(2):e3512. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3512

Received: October 28th 2023
Accepted: June 12th 2024
Published: August 2th 2024

CreativeCommons 

E-ISSN: 2346-3414

Abstract

Introduction: Preconception care is intended to increase the chances of a favorable perinatal outcome; little is known about it in low- and middle-income countries in Latin America. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and practices of PCC and its relationship with sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics in women of childbearing age in southeastern Mexico. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 138 women attending health care centers. Consecutive sampling was used, and data were collected with a structured questionnaire. Data analysis involved the calculation of frequencies, percentages, and inferential tests. Results: Women's APC knowledge score obtained a mean of 13.3 ± 3.24 and for practices a mean of 8.13 ± 3.44 scores considered low for both. Knowledge of APC obtained a relationship with schooling (rs.460, p < .05), monthly economic income (rs =.334, p < .05). In addition, a positive and significant relationship was obtained between knowledge and practice of CPA (rs=.267, p < .05). Discussion: These findings are consistent with results reported in studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions: There is a relatively low level of knowledge and adoption of CPA practices in women of childbearing age in southern Mexico, and it is related to education and socioeconomic income, which places them in a population group at high risk for maternal and child health problems.

Key Words: Preconception Care; Women; Healthy Lifestyles; Reproductive Health; Knowledge.

Resumen

Introducción: La atención preconcepcional tiene la finalidad de aumentar las posibilidades de un resultado perinatal favorable, se conoce poco de ella en países de bajos y medianos ingresos en América Latina. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento y prácticas de la APC y su relación con características sociodemográficas y obstétricas en mujeres en edad fértil en el sureste de México. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 138 mujeres que asistieron a centros de atención. Se utilizó un muestreo consecutivo y los datos se recogieron con un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis de datos implicó el cálculo de frecuencias, porcentajes y pruebas inferenciales. Resultados: La puntuación de las mujeres sobre conocimiento de APC obtuvo una media de 13,3 ± 3,24 y para prácticas una media de 8,13 ± 3,44 puntuaciones consideradas como bajas para ambas. El conocimiento de APC obtuvo una relación con la escolaridad (rs.460, p < ,05), el ingreso económico mensual (rs =,334, p < ,05). Además, se obtuvo una relación positiva y significativa entre conocimiento y práctica de la APC (rs=,267, p < ,05). Discusión: Estos hallazgos coinciden con los resultados reportados en estudios realizados en países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Conclusiones: Hay un nivel relativamente bajo de conocimiento y adopción de prácticas de APC en mujeres en edad fértil en el sur de México, y se relaciona con la educación y el ingreso socioeconómico, lo que las coloca en un grupo poblacional de alto riesgo de problemas de salud materno- infantil.

Palabras Clave: Atención Preconceptiva; Mujeres; Estilos de Vida Saludable; Salud Reproductiva; Conocimiento.

Resumo

Introdução: A assistência pré-concepcional tem como objetivo aumentar as chances de um resultado perinatal favorável; pouco se sabe sobre ela em países de baixa e média renda da América Latina. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas de APC e sua relação com características sociodemográficas e obstetrícia em mulheres em idade fértil no sudeste do México. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 138 mulheres frequentadoras de centros de atendimento. Foi utilizada amostragem consecutiva e os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado. A análise dos dados envolveu cálculo de frequências, porcentagens e testes inferenciais. Resultados: A pontuação das mulheres no conhecimento da APC obteve média de 13,3 ± 3,24 e para práticas médias de 8,13 ± 3,44, pontuações consideradas baixas para ambos. APC obteve relação com a escolaridade (rs.460, p < 0,05), renda econômica mensal (rs = 0,334, p < 0,05). Além disso, obteve-se uma relação positiva e significativa entre o conhecimento e a prática de APC (rs = 0,267, p < 0,05). Discussão: Os resultados coincidem com os resultados relatados em estudos realizados em países de baixa e média renda. Conclusões: Há um nível relativamente baixo de conhecimento e adoção de práticas de APC em mulheres no sul do México e está relacionado à educação e à renda socioeconômica, o que as coloca num grupo populacional de alto risco para problemas de saúde materno-infantil.

Palavras-Chave: Cuidados Pré-Concepcional; Mulheres; Estilo de Vida Saudável; Saúde Reproductiva; Conhecimento.

 

Introduction

Preparation for a healthy pregnancy, through preconception care and prevention of unplanned pregnancies, has recently gained relevance in research and public health policies as priority health actions1. Preconception care (PCC) is defined as a set of actions that aim to promote health in women of reproductive age before pregnancy, to identify and modify biological, behavioral and social risk factors in the woman and her future child. Its ultimate goal is to improve maternal and child health outcomes and well-being, both in the short and long term2.

The main risk factors that affect PCC include biological ones such as: parental age, female malnutrition, maternal obesity, multiparity, genetic conditions, chronic and communicable diseases. Psychological factors such as: stress and anxiety, along with the family or relationship environment, are relevant, lack of knowledge about PCC. Social and environmental risks include the consumption of nutrients such as folic acid, drugs, medications, exposure to chemicals, access to health services and poor lifestyles3,4. It is estimated that 90% of women of reproductive age have at least one modifiable risk factor1 .

One of the above factors, which has drawn pressing attention to improve preconception health, is obesity, which affects a significant percentage of women of childbearing age and is strongly related to almost all adverse outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth, particularly preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and stillbirth, and has long-lasting consequences for the health of offspring5 . Unfortunately, attempts to address the problem through dietary and physical activity interventions since pregnancy have had a negligible effect on immediate and subsequent outcomes5,6. Together, these findings call for a new approach to improving preconception health.

The evidence suggests that the use of PCC before planning a pregnancy (ideally six months before) helps to reduce worldwide the number of women who die from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth, contribute to the reduction of disabilities related to birth defects birth4,7. Women of childbearing age who wish to become pregnant should be advised on healthy living (weight as close to ideal as possible, exercise, sleep and control of any pre-existing conditions before conceiving) and on how to avoid risk factors for the product. (stress, alcohol, smoking, including secondary smoking, exposure to chemicals and drug use) and should also be advised on the consumption of folic acid supplements with the aim of preventing neural tube defects and the application of vaccines1,2.

Knowledge of PCC is strongly related to its practice. However, the practice of PCC in women of reproductive age is reported at around 50% in high-income countries8, and even less in low- and middle-income countries9. In contrast, prenatal consultation, although important, is often considered late10 . Therefore, preventive intervention is invaluable, they are more likely to follow PCC guidelines, and such as socioeconomic level, education and access to health services11,12. Knowledge can come from health professionals, personal experiences, family or the media12. Studies in Europe and Africa have noted that women of childbearing age report low PCC knowledge, while women in high-income countries such as the United States and Canada and China have higher knowledge13,15. Furthermore, individual women's factors, such as education, use of family planning, and obstetric history, influence knowledge of PCC3,12-14.

Developed countries have PCC care guides and protocols that help women follow their recommendations1. Mexico considered a middle-income country, in the last decade has incorporated actions directly aimed at PCC within the health system to improve care for women of childbearing age and reduce the adverse outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth15. However, evidence of the knowledge and practice of women of childbearing age regarding preconception health and associated factors is not known in this population to date. Greater understanding of women's knowledge and practice of preconception health, especially in resource-limited health settings, is needed as it could help formulate interventions to improve overall outcomes for women, mothers and babies. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and practice of PCC and its relationship with sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics in women of childbearing age in southern of Mexico.

 

Materials and Methods

Type of study

The type of study was a cross-sectional descriptive study with a correlational scope carried out in the first half of 202216.

Population

The population was represented by women of childbearing age between 18 and 49 years old, beneficiaries who attended the general consultation at first-level public health care centers in the City of Campeche, Mexico.

Sample and sampling

A sample size of 138 women was estimated, calculated with the G* POWER statistical package version 3.3, considering a significance level of 0.05 estimated for a correlation analysis, with a coefficient of determination of 0.3 with a size medium effect low17 and a power of 90%. A consecutive sampling technique was used, in which pregnant women who attended first-level care centers located in the State of Campeche were recruited, until the desired sample size was achieved. The inclusion criteria were women who spoke Spanish and who intended to become pregnant in the next 6 months. Women with hearing impairments and critical illnesses were not eligible for the study.

Procedure and instruments for collecting information

Participants were recruited by nursing staff previously trained on the objectives of the study and data collection techniques. Once the participant was identified and met the inclusion criteria, she was informed of the objective of the study, that participation was voluntary, and that the information would be confidential. If you agreed to participate, written informed consent was provided for your signature. The questionnaires were applied through interviews.

To evaluate the variables of interest, the Knowledge and Practice of Preconception Care (CPAP) Questionnaire designed for Ethiopian women and available in English was used. This questionnaire was developed based on existing literature on knowledge and recommended practices in women of childbearing age, demonstrating its satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.93)18 . The questionnaire is made up of 32 questions, distributed in four sessions; The first includes sociodemographic data of the woman (5 questions); age in years, marital status (with a partner and without a partner), education (years), occupation (work yes, no) and monthly income (Mexican pesos). The second session (eight questions); I include obstetric data: number of pregnancies, number of living children, whether you have used prenatal care and how many consultations I carried out, whether you have used the hospital service for childbirth care, whether you have used other care services for childbirth, used well-childcare and use of family planning consultation.

The session three evaluates knowledge of the PCC (20 questions), related to individual, behavioral and environmental risk factors. The response pattern is dichotomous of “yes” and “no” for all questions, the correct answer was assigned a value of 1 and the incorrect one a value of 0. The score for obtaining ranged from 0-20, the higher the score, the higher. knowledge of PCC. It was also classified by level, from zero to 11 points low, from 12 -14 moderate and 15 to 20 high knowledge of PCC.

Session four addresses the practice of PCC (17 questions), actions that the woman took before planning a pregnancy were evaluated. The response pattern is dichotomous from 1 if it was done and 0 if it was not done. The sum of the answers has a range of 0-17 points, the higher the score, the greater the PCC practice. The total score was classified by level: 0-7 was classified as low, 8-9 was moderate, and 11-17 was classified as high PCC practice.

To adapt the questionnaire to the context of the present study, a translation from English to Spanish was performed, followed by another reverse translation to ensure consistency. Subsequently, a pilot test was carried out to evaluate its consistency. The internal consistency of the CPAP for this study was determined using the Kuder -Richardson coefficient, obtaining satisfactory values of 0.72 and 0.82 for knowledge and practice, respectively16 .

Statistical analysis

For this research, the information was processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21 for Windows, frequencies and percentages were calculated, descriptive statistics were used using mean, median and standard deviation. The distribution of normality was also determined through the Kolmogorov test. Smirnov, where no normality of the data was found, so the Spearman correlation coefficient was used. The database was later stored in Mendeley Data19 .

Ethical Considerations

The study was approved by the Research and Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Nursing of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León (registration number FAEN-M-1905) and adhered to the Regulations of the General Health Law on Research for Health Reform Published DOF 04-02-2014, the participants gave their authorization to participate in the study through written informed consent20.

 

Results

A total of 138 women of childbearing age were included. The average age of the participants was 25.51 ± 5.66 and an average educational level of 10.70 years ± 3.22. The majority did not work (79.00%) and had an economic income in Mexican pesos of 4724.63 ± 2375.35. Only 36.23% (50) reported having heard about PCC and those who reported having information, 30.43% (42) indicated that it was health personnel who learned it provided (Table 1).

 

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the individual characteristics of women from southeastern of Mexico

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Regarding the knowledge of PCC in Table 2, it is observed that the women reported not knowing that untreated health problems such as epilepsy, stress and depression (46.49%) and genetic problems (63.00%) could affect the development of the fetus. Just as a high percentage was unaware of the use of a family planning method before pregnancy (52.20%), screening tests for heredity-related diseases (49.30%) were necessary to prevent pregnancy and product problems.

 

Table 2. Knowledge of PCC of women in southeastern of Mexico

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Table 2. Knowledge of PCC of women in southeastern of Mexico

Variable

Yes

%(n)

No

%(n)
Untreated health problems affect the fetus such as:
    Mellitus diabetes 86.23(119) 13.87(19)
    Epilepsy 53.51(74) 46.49(64)
    Obesity 73.28(101) 26.72(37)
    STIs and HIV 89.12(123) 10.88(15)
    Heart diseases including high blood pressure 78.31(108) 21.69(30)
    Stress and depression 53.51(74) 46.49(64)
    Genetic problem 37.00(51) 63.00(87)
Social and cultural behaviors of parents affect the outcome of pregnancy such as:
    Smoke a cigarette 86.35(133) 13.65(5)
    Alcohol consumption 77.13(134) 22.87(4)
    Illegal drug use 44.86(131) 55.14(7)
    Exposure to environmental risks 79.72(110) 20,28(28)
A woman must:
   Use a family planning method during the period before pregnancy. 47.87(66) 52.13(72)
   Get vaccinated against tetanus and rubella before you become pregnant. 69.59(96) 30.41(42)
   Undergo testing for medical conditions to assess your health status (weight, blood pressure, anemia, diabetes, and HIV) 75.32(104) 24.68(34)
   Avoid consuming drugs (alcohol, smoking cigarettes and marijuana, cocaine or others) before pregnancy, 33.57(129) 66.43(9)
   Control weight and consume folic acid before pregnancy. 65.82(91) 34.18(47)
   Undergo screening tests for family diseases prior to pregnancy. 50.73(70) 49.27(68)
   Create healthy environments (free of radiation, chemicals and stress) before pregnancy. 69.51(96) 30.49(42)

n = number of cases (138); % = percentage.

 

In relation to the practice of PCC, only 38.39% (53) of the women reported attending health institutions before pregnancy. Of these, the most performed action (23.25%) was the application of recommended vaccines. 75.34% (104) of women did not maintain a healthy weight before pregnancy. and 79.73% (110) considered the practice of healthy environments before pregnancy as shown in Table 3.

 

Table 3. Reported PCC practices of women in southeastern of Mexico

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Table 3. Reported PCC practices of women in southeastern of Mexico

Component

Yes

%(n)

No

%(n)
Visited health institutions before pregnancy 38.39(53) 61.61(85)
Why they visited the institute:
    Take folic acid 17.31(24) 82.69(114)
    Being examined and treated for an illness 18.86(26) 81.14(112)
    Get a vaccine 23.25(32) 76.75(106)
    Receive medical help 22.58(31) 77.42(107)
    Use family planning 10.89(15) 89.11(123)
Maintained or adjusted your weight before pregnancy 24.67(34) 75.34(104)
    Modified diet 21.95(29) 78.05(109)
    Exercised 10.17(14) 89.83(124)
Avoided taking substances (alcohol, tobacco or drugs) before pregnancy 88.37(122) 11.63(16)
    Smoke a cigarette 87.77(121) 12.24(17)
    Alcohol consumption 82.52(114) 17.48(24)
    Illegal drug use 89.13(123) 10.87(15)
Created healthy environments before pregnancy 79.73(110) 20.27(28)
    Free of environmental radiation 73.29(101) 26.71(37)
    Free of environmental chemicals 75.35(104) 24.65(34)
    Free of stressors 50.87(69) 49.13(69)

n = number of cases (138), % = percentage.

 

The total PCC knowledge score obtained an average of 13.33 points (SD = 3.24; range 5 - 19) and for PCC practices an average of 8.13 points (SD = 3.44; range 0 -16). When classifying their scores, it was found that (24.62%) of the participants had a low level of knowledge and (35.51%) reported low practice, as shown in Table 4.

 

Table 4. Level of knowledge and practice of PCC of women in southeastern of Mexico

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Table 4. Level of knowledge and practice of PCC of women in southeastern of Mexico

Variable

%(n)

138
Knowledge
    Low 24.62(34)
    Moderate 37.03(51)
    High 38.35(53)
Practice
    Low 35.51(49)
    Moderate 33.25(46)
    High 31.24(43)

n = number of cases (138; % = Percentage

 

In Table 5, a relationship between knowledge and PCC practices was reported ( rs =.267, p =0.002) and PCC knowledge with schooling, this means that the higher the schooling, the greater the knowledge and practice of PCC ( rs = .460, p =0.001), economic income ( rs =.334, p =0.001), the higher the economic income, the greater the knowledge and practice of PCC, the number of pregnancies and children ( rs = -.229, p =0.007), due to the number of pregnancies and experience, greater knowledge and practice of PCC for marital status and occupation, no difference was found.

 

Table 5. Spearman Correlation Coefficient for individual characteristics, knowledge and practice of PCC in study participants

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Table 5. Spearman Correlation Coefficient for individual characteristics, knowledge and practice of PCC in study participants

Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Age -
2. Schooling 0.27 ** -
3. Economic income 0.23 ** 0.40 ** -
4. Number of pregnancies 0.54** -0.20* -0.10 -
5.Number of children 0.48** -0.15 -0.10 0.86** -
6. Knowledge of PCC 0.10 0.46 ** 0.33 ** -0.22** -0.18* -
7. ATP Practice 0.09 0.13 0.003 0.03 0.10 0.26 **

n = number of cases (138); rs = Spearman correlation coefficient; p =observed significance; ** p = < .01; * p = <.05; PCC = Preconception care

 

Discussion

In this study, it was observed that women of childbearing age have poor knowledge and practices regarding preconception care (PCC). These findings coincide with results reported in studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries9,11-14, suggesting that governmental and non-governmental health organizations should pay attention to raising awareness and implementing measures to improve care prior to conception2.

Although more than half of the women interviewed in this study recognized that PCC is care intended for women of childbearing age, none could respond satisfactorily about it. The level of PCC knowledge and its characteristics and components turned out to be relatively low. It was striking that more than half of the participants were unaware of the importance of prior evaluation of medical conditions such as weight, blood pressure, anemia, diabetes, HIV and genetic conditions, to prevent problems in the fetus and complications during pregnancy and childbirth. These gaps in knowledge of specific preconception medical care topics are in line with previous studies11,13,14,19,21.

Likewise, a positive and significant relationship was observed between PCC knowledge and the level of education and economic income of the participants. Similar results have been reported by countries such as Ethiopia13,21, China15 and Iran22. It is considered that women with a higher level of education can discuss sensitive topics openly and freely and seek information about their health. The economic factor also has a direct implication on health, since it increases the possibility of having greater access to health services in most cases11,23-25. The results of this study show the need to continue efforts to raise awareness among the population with emphasis on the specific aspects of health issues, the timing and importance of PCC, among others.

Regarding PCC practices, it was observed that 88% of the participants had attended prior prenatal care. Of these, only 38% had visited health institutions before becoming pregnant, however, they were unaware that they should be evaluated in relation to previous illnesses, family planning and start taking folic acid. These percentages are higher than those recorded in previous studies21,26. A possible explanation lies in the positive and significant relationship between PCC practice and knowledge found in this study. This is because knowledge of PCC can increase understanding, awareness, and practice of PCC components11,27. Also, it may be due to poverty, poor attitude towards health among the population and lack of access to health services19-21. Furthermore, the health personnel responsible for these programs must have the best evidence-based practices to provide the best PCC health care28-30 aimed mainly at populations with a higher risk of maternal and child health30-32.

The strength of the study lies in being one of the first studies to describe the knowledge and practices of PCC in a group of women from southern of Mexico. However, its limitation is that it is a cross-sectional design study with a small sample size. It is recommended that future research address the factors that affect the PCC and assess the psychometric properties of the PCC knowledge and practices instrument for reproducibility and validity in various economic and social environments, to have a broader vision of the study phenomenon.

 

Conclusion

There is a relatively low level of knowledge and adoption of PCC practices in women of childbearing age in southern of Mexico, and it is related to education and socioeconomic income, which places them in a population group at high risk for maternal and child health problems.

Health personnel at the first level of care play a key role in promoting maternal and child health and, as such, must intensify their efforts to encourage women, especially at the community and primary care levels, to receive this care. and consistently emphasize the importance and benefits of PCC during routine health care visits. PCC practices should be provided through evidence-based protocols and guidelines to improve the health of women and children in low- and middle-income countries where many maternal and child deaths continue to occur and to reduce disparities. and increase equity in global health and development.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of the article.

Financing: We do not have financing.

 

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Referencias

Ayele AD, Belay HG, Kassa BG, Worke MD. Knowledge and utilisation of preconception care and associated factors among women in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):1-15https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01132-9

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Referencias

Jafari F, Rashidi S. Iranian women’s knowledge, and attitude regarding preconception health: 12 years after integration into the primary health care network. J Nurs Midwifery Sci. 2017;4(3):104.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338861337_Iranian_women's_knowledge_and_attitude_regarding_preconception_health_12_years_after_integration_into_the_primary_health_care_network

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Referencias

Giri K, Gautam S. Knowledge of preconception care among reproductive aged women in Kaski District, Nepal. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2018;7(1):46–56. https://doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v7i1.23049

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Referencias

Demisse T, Aliyu S, Kitila S, Tafesse T, Gelaw K, Zerihum M. Utilization of preconception care and associated factors among reproductive age group women in Debra Birhan Town, North Shewa, Ethiopia. Reproductive Health. 2019;16(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0758-x

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Referencias

Dean S. V, Lassi Z S, Imam A M, Bhutta, Z A. Preconception care: closing the gap in the continuum of care to accelerate improvements in maternal, newborn and child health. Reprod Health.2014;11(3):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-11-S3-S1

X

Referencias

Akinajo, OR, Osanyin GE, Okojie OE. Preconception care: Assessing the level of awareness, knowledge, and practice amongst pregnant women in a tertiary facility. J Clin Sci. 2019;16(3): 87-92. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_41_18

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Referencias

Amaje E, Fikrie A, Utura T. Utilization of Preconception Care and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women of West Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia,2021: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Health services research and managerial epidemiology. 2022;9:233339282210887. https://doi.org/10.1177/23333928221088720

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Referencias

Secretaría de Gobernación SEGOB. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-007-SSA2-2016, Para la atención de la mujer durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio, y de la persona recién nacida. 2016. Consulta: Febrero 20. 2023. Disponible en: https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5432289&fecha=07/04/2016#gsc.tab=0

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Referencias

Tekalign T, Lemma T, Silesh M, Lake EA, Teshome M, Yitna T, et al. Mothers’ utilization and associated factors of preconception care in Africa, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0254935. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254935

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Referencias

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. About Priority Populations. Content last reviewed. Rockville, MD. 2021 Consulta: Febrero 20. 2023. Disponible en: https://www.ahrq.gov/priority-populations/about/index.html

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Referencias

Dorney E, Boyle JA, Walker R, Hammarberg K, Musgrave L, Schoenaker D, et al. A systematic review of clinical guidelines for preconception care. Seminars in reproductive medicine. 2022;40(03/04):157-169. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748190

X

Referencias

Benedetto C, Borella F, Divakar,H, O¨Riordan, S, Mazzoli,M, Hanson, M. et al. FIGO Preconception Checklist: Preconception care for mother and baby. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2024;165(1)1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.15446

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  22. Jafari F, Rashidi S. Iranian women’s knowledge, and attitude regarding preconception health: 12 years after integration into the primary health care network. J Nurs Midwifery Sci. 2017;4(3):104.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338861337_Iranian_women's_knowledge_and_attitude_regarding_preconception_health_12_years_after_integration_into_the_primary_health_care_network

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  27. Amaje E, Fikrie A, Utura T. Utilization of Preconception Care and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women of West Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia,2021: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Health services research and managerial epidemiology. 2022;9:233339282210887. https://doi.org/10.1177/23333928221088720

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  32. Benedetto C, Borella F, Divakar,H, O¨Riordan, S, Mazzoli,M, Hanson, M. et al. FIGO Preconception Checklist: Preconception care for mother and baby. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2024;165(1)1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.15446