Rev Cuid. 2025; 16(1): e3857

https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3857

REVIEW ARTICLE

Factors associated with domestic violence in women: systematic ecological review

Factores asociados a violencia doméstica en mujeres: revisión ecológica sistemática

Fatores associados à violência doméstica em mulheres: revisão ecológica sistemática

Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España. Universidad del Magdalena Santa Marta, Colombia. E-mail: Ibritoji7@alumnes.ub.edu ibrito@unimagdalena.edu.co Correspondence Author Ivone Tatiana Brito Jiménez
Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España. E-mail: nrodriguez@ub.edu.co Nuria Rodríguez Ávila

Highlights

 

How to cite this article: Brito Jiménez Ivone Tatiana, Rodríguez Ávila Nuria. Factors associated with domestic violence in women: systematic ecological review. Revista Cuidarte. 2025;16(1):e3857. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3857

Received: March 6th 2024
Accepted: September 23rd 2024
Published: December 19th 2024

CreativeCommons 

E-ISSN: 2346-3414

Abstract

Introduction: Domestic violence is a multi-causal situation that impacts women, exposing them to significant structural inequalities. Objective: To identify patterns that perpetuate domestic violence in women through a comprehensive review of the literature, using the ecological model to understand the underlying factors. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in Spanish, English, and Portuguese on patterns associated with domestic violence against women, using the PubMed, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts, and JSTOR databases, following the PRISMA method. Relevant studies were identified and selected based on predefined criteria, and their quality was assessed. Results: Twenty-two studies were selected that met the relevance and quality criteria. The review reveals that domestic violence is perpetuated through various systems: in the microsystem, patterns such as low educational level, alcohol and drug consumption, and emotional dependence; in the mesosystem, lack of life skills, inability to make decisions, and child abuse; in the exosystem, low income, poverty, unemployment, and criminal records; and in the macrosystem, husband’s controlling behavior and society. Discussion: The comprehensive analysis from different microsystemic, mesosystemic, exosystemic, and macrosystemic perspectives reveals gaps in existing knowledge and reinforces hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms, corroborating similar problems in other studies. Conclusion: The study provides a comprehensive understanding of domestic violence by analyzing patterns from different systems. This approach guides the development of more effective and informed prevention interventions and policies.

Keywords: Domestic Violence; Women; Social Determinants of Health; Systematic Review.

Resumen

Introducción: La violencia doméstica es una situación multicausal que impacta a las mujeres, enfrentándolas a desigualdades estructurales significativas. Objetivo: Identificar patrones que perpetúan la violencia doméstica en mujeres mediante una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura, utilizando el modelo ecológico para comprender los factores subyacentes. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en español, inglés y portugués sobre patrones asociados a la violencia doméstica en mujeres, utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts y JSTOR, y siguiendo el método PRISMA. Se identificaron y seleccionaron estudios relevantes, aplicando criterios predefinidos y evaluando su calidad. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 22 investigaciones que cumplieron con los criterios de relevancia y calidad. La revisión revela que la violencia doméstica se perpetúa a través de diversos sistemas: en el microsistema, patrones como el bajo nivel educativo, el consumo de alcohol y drogas, y la dependencia emocional; en el mesosistema, la falta de habilidades para la vida, la incapacidad para tomar decisiones y el maltrato a los hijos; en el exosistema, bajos ingresos, pobreza, desempleo y antecedentes penales; y en el macrosistema, el comportamiento controlador del esposo y de la sociedad. Discusión: El análisis integral desde diferentes perspectivas microsistémicas, mesosistémicas, exosistémicas y macrosistémicas, revelan vacíos en el conocimiento existente y refuerza hipótesis sobre los mecanismos subyacentes, corroborando problemas similares en otros estudios. Conclusión: El estudio proporciona una comprensión exhaustiva de la violencia doméstica al analizar patrones desde los diferentes sistemas. Este enfoque guía al desarrollo de intervenciones y políticas de prevención más efectivas y fundamentadas.

Palabras Clave: Violencia Doméstica; Mujeres; Determinantes Sociales de la Salud; Revisión Sistemática.

Resumo

Introdução: A violência doméstica é um situação multicausal que afecta as mulheres, confrontando-as com significativas desigualdades estruturais. Objectivo: Identificar padrões que perpetuam a violência doméstica nas mulheres através de uma revisão abrangente da literatura, utilizando o modelo ecológico para compreender os factores subjacentes. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura em espanhol, inglês e português sobre padrões associados à violência doméstica em mulheres, utilizando as bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts e JSTOR, e seguindo o método PRISMA. Os estudos relevantes foram identificados e selecionados, aplicando critérios pré-definidos e avaliando sua qualidade. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 22 investigações que atenderam aos critérios de relevância e qualidade. A revisão revela que a violência doméstica se perpetua através de vários sistemas: no microssistema, padrões como baixo nível educacional, consumo de álcool e drogas e dependência emocional; no mesossistema, a falta de competências para a vida, a incapacidade de tomar decisões e os maus tratos às crianças; no exossistema, baixa renda, pobreza, desemprego e antecedentes criminais; e no macrossistema, o comportamento controlador do marido e da sociedade. Discussão: A análise abrangente sob diferentes perspectivas microssistêmica, mesossistêmica, exossistêmica e macrossistêmica revela lacunas no conhecimento existente e reforça hipóteses sobre os mecanismos subjacentes, corroborando problemas semelhantes em outros estudos. Conclusão: O estudo proporciona uma compreensão abrangente da violência doméstica através da análise de padrões de diferentes sistemas. Esta abordagem orienta o desenvolvimento de intervenções e políticas de prevenção mais eficazes e informadas.

Palavras-Chave: Violência Doméstica; Mulheres; Determinantes Sociais da Saúde; Revisão Sistemática.

 

Introduction

Domestic violence, primarily perpetrated by men and predominantly affecting women, is a global public health concern with serious implications for the physical and mental health of millions of women1. Understanding the associated patterns is essential for designing effective interventions and policies that reduce its incidence and provide support to victims2.

Violence causes physical, psychological, and emotional harm on its victims3, manifesting in various aspects of their lives, in both public and private settings. It does not discriminate by political systems, socioeconomic status, religion, race, or culture, violating fundamental rights3,4 inherent to the human condition. It is estimated that approximately 18% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 have experienced physical or sexual abuse by their partner, with this figure rising to nearly 30% over their lives5.

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)6 defines violence against women as any form of gender-based violence that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm, including threats, coercion, or unjustified restrictions on their freedom, whether in public or private spaces.

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model7 analyzes the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem levels comprehensively to understand how they contribute to the perpetuation of domestic violence. This approach examines individual and family factors in conjunction with social and cultural contexts, offering a deeper, complete view of the problem.

Heise's8 ecological model and Bronfenbrenner's ecological approach address the interaction of multiple levels of influence on human behavior, making both models effectively articulable for a study of domestic violence. According to Bronfenbrenner, interconnected systems, ranging from the microsystem (close relationships such as family and partners) to the macrosystem (cultural norms and values), influence behavior. Heise identifies four levels of domestic violence: individual, relational, community, and social. Therefore, domestic violence can be understood as a phenomenon influenced by social and structural factors that interact at different levels and not merely as an individual problem.

Although there are numerous studies on domestic violence, it is necessary to synthesize and systematically evaluate the available evidence. A systematic review consolidates the findings of various studies, identifies common patterns and gaps in knowledge, and provides a solid foundation for developing intervention strategies and public policies.

Therefore, the question arises: What patterns are associated with domestic violence against women, according to the ecological model, and how these patterns manifest across the different levels—microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem—based on a systematic review of the existing literature?

 

Materials and Methods

The analysis involved an exhaustive literature review that served as an observational, retrospective, secondary research study using a qualitative approach that integrates studies addressing the same question9. The PRISMA methodology was used, which includes a checklist and a flow diagram to guide each stage of the process, from study identification to study inclusion in the final analysis.

A clear and specific research question was formulated, and then an exhaustive search was conducted in relevant databases using predefined criteria. The process was documented using the PRISMA flow diagram, which encompasses the identification, selection, eligibility, and inclusion of studies. An initial screening was conducted to identify relevant studies, assessing their quality through a critical review and synthesizing the findings qualitatively. Experts played a key role in guiding the formulation of the research question, defining selection criteria, recommending databases and search terms, and evaluating and interpreting the studies, ensuring the accuracy and depth of the review.

It also ensures a clear, consistent, and transparent presentation of the studies, guaranteeing a thorough selection, evaluation, and synthesis of the evidence and facilitating the reproduction and critical assessment of the results10. Inclusion criteria were established to include articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, as well as qualitative research on domestic violence published between 2013 and 2023. Articles not meeting these criteria were excluded.

A total of 725 articles on patterns associated with domestic violence were reviewed using the ecological model approach. The studies were gathered from various valuable sources, including Scopus, JSTOR, Sociological Abstracts, and PubMed, covering the period from 2013 to 2023. Search terms like “gender violence,” “violence towards women,” “domestic violence,” “violencia de género,” and “violencia doméstica” were used in combination with Boolean operators (AND, OR) to refine results. From these searches, 22 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected using a purposive non-probabilistic selection method11. The data from this study are stored and accessible in the repository of the University of Magdalena12.

Since this study is a systematic literature review and does not involve human subjects, informed consent and ethics committee registration were not required.

 

Results

As detailed in Figure 1, 725 articles were found and examined; 539 were discarded based on title, 125 were duplicates, and 61 did not meet the established inclusion criteria. After abstract review, 22 articles related to domestic violence and associated elements were selected. According to SCImago Journal Rank indicators, nine articles fall in the Q1 quartile, eleven in Q2, and eight in Q3. Patterns linked to domestic violence were identified, of which 32.10% were found in Scopus, 14.08% in JSTOR, 18.40% in PubMed, and 35.50% in Sociological Abstracts.

 

Figure 1. Selection diagram of the manuscripts under study

Source: Moher et al13.

 

As evidenced in Table 1, the general matrix of the systematic literature review, the study with the largest population examined 42,002 women14, while the smallest involved 200 women15.

 

Table 1. General matrix of literature review

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This section describes the factors linked to domestic violence from the ecological model conceptualized by Bronfenbrenner. The patterns found within the microsystem include the victim’s higher educational level14,16,17, the aggressor’s lower educational level18,19, illiteracy in both15,21,22, and the perpetrator's high level of education23.

Perpetrator’s alcohol consumption14-16 is the most common cause, along with the use of other substances20,24,25, and gambling habits9,24. Furthermore, factors such as the victim being younger than the aggressor19,22,26, woman’ alcohol abuse27, and victim’s possible mental illness28 increase the likelihood of experiencing violence.

Divorce is a factor associated with domestic violence29. However, the likelihood of experiencing it increases for people who have been married multiple times14,28,30, are pregnant31 or have several children, depending on the number of them25,26,32. Additionally, both a family history of violence in the victim14,33 and the aggressor’s own exposure to violence in childhood15,19,27 are factors associated with domestic violence.

The dynamics that exist between domestic violence and the traditional role of housewives show a family power relationship25. Mass media channels also play a role in shaping attitudes that contribute to violence against women17, particularly when women are not involved in health decision-making34. Furthermore, couples married for love can experience domestic violence due to emotional and affective dependence21.

As shown in Table 2, factors within the mesosystem includes a lack of life skills, taking refuge in religion, and managing emotions. The ability to communicate effectively and resolve conflicts constructively can decrease the risk of domestic violence17,28,31. Marital dissatisfaction is another factor; however, it does not justify or excuse violence in relationships36. In addition, the influence of in-laws and the children, including those with special needs30, can play an important role.

Within the exosystem, the influence of socioeconomic factors such as living in areas of extreme poverty, facing economic problems influenced by social and cultural factors15,16, lack of paid work29,30, low family income19,23,31, unemployment28,32, having migrant parents14, and living in rural areas32 contribute to increased risk of domestic violence. Although a partner's criminal record does not guarantee or predict violence, it is associated with a heightened risk19.

From the macrosystem perspective, factors include the husband's controlling behavior24,25, dominance and instilling fear in the partner28,33, as well as an extended marital life15. Additional risk factors are living in an environment where alcohol is consumed32, the perpetrator's low job status24, and the wife's economic, work, and financial contributions30.

 

Table 2. Categories and codes identified in the analysis. Bucaramanga, 2023

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Table 2. Categories and codes identified in the analysis. Bucaramanga, 2023

Author System according to Heise's Ecological Model Patterns associated with the victim Patterns associated with the perpetrator

Barbier et al.14

 

 

 

 

Microsystem

 

Exosystem

 

 

Higher level of education

History of violence during childhood

Alcohol and substance use

Cohabitation of over 10 years

Immigrant father

Nonexistent record

 

 

 

 

Das et al.15

 

 

Microsystem

 

Mesosystem

Woman's older age

Illiteracy

Long marital life

Early exposure of the husband to abuse

Alcohol consumption

Nonexistent record

Mulat, et al.16

 

 

Microsystem

 

Exosystem

High educational level

Husband as an alcohol consumer

Living in poverty areas

Low educational level

Alcohol consumption

Living in poverty conditions

Kassa et al.17

 

 

Microsystem

 

Exosystem

Exposure to media coverage of violence against women

 

Poverty

Low educational level

Alcohol consumption

Poverty

Karimyan et al.18

 

Microsystem

 

Low educational level

Lack of life skills

Low educational level

Nonexistent record

Aliakbari et al.19

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microsystem

 

 

Exosystem

 

Mesosystem

Macrosystem

Low educational level

 

 

Low economic income

 

Not registered

Wife's employment

Being older

Addiction to psychoactive substances

Experience of violence in childhood

Low income

Criminal record

Marital dissatisfaction

Nonexistent record
Deo et al.20 Microsystem Not registered Low literacy level

George et al.21

 

Microsystem

 

Illiteracy

Marriage for love

Lack of marriage registration

Nonexistent record

Hajian, et al.22

 

 

 

Microsystem

 

 

Exosystem

Having primary and secondary education

 

 

Many years of marriage

Drug abuse

Smoking

Husbands' alcohol consumption

Many years of marriage

Subhashchandra, et al.23

 

 

 

Microsystem

 

Mesosystem

Macrosystem

Young women

 

Participation in household decision-making

Not recorded

High educational level

Alcohol abuse

Nonexistent record

Influence of religion

Pal et al.25

 

 

 

Microsystem

Exosystem

Macrosystem

 

Age difference, younger women than their partners

Belonging to a low-income family

Women who were unable to have a male child

They did not fulfill household duties.

Low educational level

Lack of paid work

Anger because wife left home without husband's permission

Husband's controlling behavior

Tesfa et al.25

 

 

 

Microsystem

 

 

Macrosystem

Number of children

Being a homemaker

High educational level

Not recorded

Lack of higher education

Alcohol consumption

 

Husband's controlling behavior

Gokler et al.26

 

 

Microsystem

 

 

Woman younger than her husband

Number of children

 

Low educational level

Alcohol consumption

Gambling habits

Lasong et al.27

 

 

Microsystem

 

Macrosystem

Women who consume alcohol

 

Working women

Husbands whose father used to beat their mother

Alcohol consumption

Nonexistent record

Sapkota et al.28

 

 

 

Microsystem

 

Exosystem

Mesosystem

Mental illnesses

 

Low economic income

Not recorded

Married more than once

Alcohol consumption

Unemployment

Husband's controlling behavior

Chernet et al.29

 

 

 

Microsystem

 

 

Exosystem

Divorce

Having primary and secondary education

Being younger than her husband.

Living in rural areas

Nonexistent record

Nonexistent record

Nonexistent record

Living in rural areas

Hussain et al.30

 

 

 

Microsystem

Mesosystem

 

 

Having been married more than once

Influence of stepchildren

Disabled children

Influence of in-laws

Addiction to psychoactive substances

Nonexistent record

 

 

Semahegn et al.31

 

 

Microsystem

Mesosystem

Exosystem

Be pregnant

Home decision-making power

Not recorded

Alcohol consumption

Nonexistent record

Low annual income

Colorado et al.32

 

 

 

Microsystem

Exosystem

Macrosystem

 

Have children

Low economic income

Living in countries where alcohol is consumed.

Be an immigrant

 

Nonexistent record

 

 

Gautam et al.33

 

Microsystem

Macrosystem

Childhood violence

Fear of husband

Alcohol consumption

Husband's controlling behavior

Nuwabaine et al.34

 

Microsystem

 

Not participating in healthcare decision-making

 

Husband/partner with primary education or no education

Alcohol consumption

Tanriverdi et al.35

 

 

 

Microsystem

 

Mesosystem

 

Not having decision-making power at home

Having many children

Cohabitation dissatisfaction

Child abuse at home.

Nonexistent record

 

Nonexistent record

 

 

Discussion

In the microsystem, educational level and illiteracy are closely linked to domestic violence. Studies reveal that women with low income or incomplete education are more likely to be victims of domestic violence36. This probability decreases when women earn their own income or if their partner has the same or higher educational level as them37.

Consumption of alcohol and other toxic substances can exacerbate aggressive behavior by reducing self-control and intensifying violence38. Additionally, age disparity between victims and aggressors influences the prevalence of violence, with younger victims facing a higher likelihood of experiencing violence39.

About 89.5% of women with depression have experienced violence40. The intergenerational transmission of violence within the home affects many women who suffer abuse in adulthood, often linked to the violence the aggressor experienced during childhood41. Furthermore, children who have been abused by their parents or family members tend to develop antisocial behaviors42.

Domestic violence and the traditional role of women as primary family caregivers reveal underlying home power dynamics43, particularly the high proportion of women dedicated exclusively to domestic chores. In married couples, emotional dependency can intensify domestic violence, as the tendency to idealize the relationship and accept abusive behavior in the name of love contributes to abuse perpetuation44.

In the mesosystem, factors like a lack of life skills, dependence on religion, and lack of decision-making stand out as relevant themes45. Husbands who share home decision-making responsibilities tend to exhibit less violent behavior, which is linked to women’s financial independence, many of whom are often employed46. Additionally, marital dissatisfaction can contribute to relationship violence47. Abuse of children within marriage is common, with abusers usually being children or stepchildren, parents or stepparents, and siblings or stepsiblings48.

In the exosystem, factors such as lack of paid employment, low income, poverty, unemployment, residence in areas of extreme poverty, economic challenges, migration, and rural living conditions are identified as relevant factors for domestic violence49. Research indicates that people with criminal records for violent behavior are more likely to engage in domestic violence. In particular, men with a history of domestic violence tend to have distorted thoughts that justify the mistreatment of women50.

In the macrosystem, the husband's controlling behavior is identified as an important factor in domestic violence51. This type of behavior can manifest itself through attitudes of domination, extreme jealousy, isolation of the partner from her support networks and control of economic resources. These power and control dynamics not only reflect cultural norms and values in some contexts, but also perpetuate gender inequalities that place women in more vulnerable situations.

 

Conclusion

The results of this systematic review, based on the ecological models of Heise and Bronfenbrenner, highlight that domestic violence arises from a complex interaction of factors at the individual, family, social, and cultural levels. Identifying patterns across the microsystemic, mesosystemic, exosystemic, and macrosystemic levels reveals the need for multifaceted interventions that address both the immediate symptoms and the long-term effects. This comprehensive approach underscores the importance of designing prevention strategies that consider the complexity of domestic violence, promote healthy relationships, address entrenched inequalities, and adapt to diverse contexts and gender approaches to improve the effectiveness of interventions.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Funding: This research was conducted without external funding.

Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Oskarly Pérez Anaya for his dedication, meticulousness, and commitment.

 

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Pal, J., Mullick, T. H., Ahmad, S., & Yadav, A. K. Domestic Violence against Women-An Unsolved Issue: A Community Based Study in an Urban Slum of Kolkata, India. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research, 2017;11(10) https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/27386.10750

X

Referencias

Tesfa A, Dida N, Girma T, Aboma M. Intimate partner violence, its sociocultural practice, and its associated factors among women in Central Ethiopia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:2251–2259http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S277310

X

Referencias

Gokler ME, Arslantas D, Unsal A. Prevalence of domestic violence and associated factors among married women in a semi-rural area of western Turkey. Pak J Med Sci Q. 2014;30(5):1088–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.305.5504

X

Referencias

Lasong J, Zhang Y, Muyayalo KP, Njiri OA, Gebremedhin SA, Abaidoo CS, et al. Domestic violence among married women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8447-9

X

Referencias

Sapkota D, Bhattarai S, Baral D, Pokharel PK. Domestic violence, and its associated factors among married women of a village development committee of rural Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1):178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1986-6

X

Referencias

Chernet AG, Cherie KT. Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-0892-1

X

Referencias

Hussain H, Hussain S, Zahra S, Hussain T. Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: Domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health. Pak J Med Sci Q. 2020;36(4):627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1530

X

Referencias

Semahegn A, Belachew T, Abdulahi M. Domestic violence and its predictors among married women in reproductive age in Fagitalekoma Woreda, Awi zone, Amhara regional state, Northwestern Ethiopia. Reprod Health.2013;10(1):63. https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4755-10-63

X

Referencias

Colorado-Yohar SM, Agudelo-Suárez AA, Huerta JM, Torres-Cantero AM. Intimate partner violence and its associated factors in a sample of Colombian immigrant population in Spain. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(4):904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0330-x

X

Referencias

Gautam S, Jeong H-S. Intimate partner violence in relation to husband characteristics and women empowerment: Evidence from Nepal. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5):709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050709

X

Referencias

Nuwabaine L, Kawuki J, Amwiine E, Asiimwe JB, Sserwanja Q, Gatasi G, et al. Sexual violence, and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Rwanda: a 2020 nationwide cross-sectional survey. Arch Public Health. 2023;81(1):112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01109-z

X

Referencias

Tanriverdi̇ G, Çapik C, Yalçin Gürsoy M. Prevalence of domestic violence against married women in turkey and associated risk factors. Turk Klin J Med Sci. 2018;38(3),218-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2017-58822

X

Referencias

Bigizadeh S, Sharifi N, Javadpour S, Poornowrooz N, Jahromy FH, Jamali S. Attitude toward violence and its relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy among Iranian women. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2021;59(4):31–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20201203-06

X

Referencias

Durán, Rosa Luz. ¿Más educadas, más empoderadas?: complementariedad entre escolaridad y empleo en la probabilidad de violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en Perú. En: Violencias contra las mujeres, la necesidad de un doble plural. Publicaciones Grade; 2019. P.117-145. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12820/550

X

Referencias

Lencha B, Ameya G, Beressa G, Minda Z, Ganfure G. Correction: Intimate partner violence and its associated factors among pregnant women in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221442

X

Referencias

García J, Franco JA. El feminicidio en Bogotá, una mirada desde el abordaje médico-legal. Cuadernos de Medicina Forense 2018;24(1-2):27-34. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid=S1135-76062018000100027&script=sci_arttext

X

Referencias

Orellana JDY, Cunha GM da, Marrero L, Horta BL, Leite I da C. Violência urbana e fatores de risco relacionados ao feminicídio em contexto amazônico brasileiro. Cad Saude Publica. 2019;35(8):e00230418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00230418

X

Referencias

Brownridge DA. Violence against women post-separation. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2006;11(2):514–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.01.009

X

Referencias

Duryea S, Robles M. Social Pulse in Latin America and the Caribbean 2017: Family legacy, breaking the mold or repeating patterns? Inter-American Development Bank. 2017. https://publications.iadb.org/en/social-pulse-latin-america-and-caribbean-2017-family-legacy-breaking-mold-or-repeating-patterns

X

Referencias

Agudo FV. Maltrato en la infancia y la adolescencia: características y psicopatología asociada en un Centro de Salud Mental Infanto-Juvenil. Revista de Psicopatología y salud mental del niño y del adolescente. 2016;(27):49–58. https://www.fundacioorienta.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Valencia-F-R27.pdf

X

Referencias

Tuesca R, Borda M.Violencia física marital en Barranquilla (Colombia): prevalencia y factores de riesgo. Gac Sanit. 2003;17(4):302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0213-9111(03)71751-8

X

Referencias

Cristancho S, Marcela D. Los mitos del amor romántico y su relación con la violencia de pareja en población rural y urbana colombiana. [Tesis maestría en Psicología Clínica] Bogotá DC: Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz; 2023. https://repositorio.konradlorenz.edu.co/handle/001/5179

X

Referencias

Kaya Y, Cook KJ. A cross-national analysis of physical intimate partner violence against women. Int J Comp Sociol. 2010;51(6):423–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715210386155

X

Referencias

Kabir R, Khan HTA. A cross-sectional study to explore intimate partner violence and barriers to empowerment of women in Armenia. Biomed Res Int. 2019;(1):1–11. Disponible en : http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6939684

X

Referencias

Gama A, Pedro AR, de Carvalho MJL, Guerreiro AE, Duarte V, Quintas J, et al. Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal. Port J Publ Health. 2020;38(1):32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514341

X

Referencias

Solanke BL. Does exposure to interparental violence increase women’s risk of intimate partner violence? Evidence from Nigeria demographic and health survey. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018;18(1):1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12914-018-0143-9

X

Referencias

Caballero J, Alfaro M, Nuñez Y, Torres H. Violencia psicológica contra la mujer por su pareja en el Perú, 2004-2007. Revista Peruana de Epidemiología. 2004;13(3):1–7. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=203120367006

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Pina-Roche F, Llor AMS, Bravo MDM, Meseguer CB. Identificación de la violencia entre adolescentes como mecanismo de control en el aula y en el noviazgo. Nure Investigación. 2016;(82):4. https://www.nureinvestigacion.es/OJS/index.php/nure/article/view/785

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  25. Tesfa A, Dida N, Girma T, Aboma M. Intimate partner violence, its sociocultural practice, and its associated factors among women in Central Ethiopia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:2251–2259http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S277310

  26. Gokler ME, Arslantas D, Unsal A. Prevalence of domestic violence and associated factors among married women in a semi-rural area of western Turkey. Pak J Med Sci Q. 2014;30(5):1088–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.305.5504

  27. Lasong J, Zhang Y, Muyayalo KP, Njiri OA, Gebremedhin SA, Abaidoo CS, et al. Domestic violence among married women of reproductive age in Zimbabwe: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8447-9

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  30. Hussain H, Hussain S, Zahra S, Hussain T. Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: Domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health. Pak J Med Sci Q. 2020;36(4):627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1530

  31. Semahegn A, Belachew T, Abdulahi M. Domestic violence and its predictors among married women in reproductive age in Fagitalekoma Woreda, Awi zone, Amhara regional state, Northwestern Ethiopia. Reprod Health.2013;10(1):63. https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4755-10-63

  32. Colorado-Yohar SM, Agudelo-Suárez AA, Huerta JM, Torres-Cantero AM. Intimate partner violence and its associated factors in a sample of Colombian immigrant population in Spain. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(4):904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0330-x

  33. Gautam S, Jeong H-S. Intimate partner violence in relation to husband characteristics and women empowerment: Evidence from Nepal. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5):709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050709

  34. Nuwabaine L, Kawuki J, Amwiine E, Asiimwe JB, Sserwanja Q, Gatasi G, et al. Sexual violence, and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Rwanda: a 2020 nationwide cross-sectional survey. Arch Public Health. 2023;81(1):112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01109-z

  35. Tanriverdi̇ G, Çapik C, Yalçin Gürsoy M. Prevalence of domestic violence against married women in turkey and associated risk factors. Turk Klin J Med Sci. 2018;38(3),218-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2017-58822

  36. Bigizadeh S, Sharifi N, Javadpour S, Poornowrooz N, Jahromy FH, Jamali S. Attitude toward violence and its relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy among Iranian women. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2021;59(4):31–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20201203-06

  37. Durán, Rosa Luz. ¿Más educadas, más empoderadas?: complementariedad entre escolaridad y empleo en la probabilidad de violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en Perú. En: Violencias contra las mujeres, la necesidad de un doble plural. Publicaciones Grade; 2019. P.117-145. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12820/550

  38. Lencha B, Ameya G, Beressa G, Minda Z, Ganfure G. Correction: Intimate partner violence and its associated factors among pregnant women in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221442

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  40. Orellana JDY, Cunha GM da, Marrero L, Horta BL, Leite I da C. Violência urbana e fatores de risco relacionados ao feminicídio em contexto amazônico brasileiro. Cad Saude Publica. 2019;35(8):e00230418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00230418

  41. Brownridge DA. Violence against women post-separation. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2006;11(2):514–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.01.009

    s

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  44. Tuesca R, Borda M.Violencia física marital en Barranquilla (Colombia): prevalencia y factores de riesgo. Gac Sanit. 2003;17(4):302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0213-9111(03)71751-8

  45. Cristancho S, Marcela D. Los mitos del amor romántico y su relación con la violencia de pareja en población rural y urbana colombiana. [Tesis maestría en Psicología Clínica] Bogotá DC: Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz; 2023. https://repositorio.konradlorenz.edu.co/handle/001/5179

  46. Kaya Y, Cook KJ. A cross-national analysis of physical intimate partner violence against women. Int J Comp Sociol. 2010;51(6):423–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715210386155

  47. Kabir R, Khan HTA. A cross-sectional study to explore intimate partner violence and barriers to empowerment of women in Armenia. Biomed Res Int. 2019;(1):1–11. Disponible en : http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6939684

  48. Gama A, Pedro AR, de Carvalho MJL, Guerreiro AE, Duarte V, Quintas J, et al. Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal. Port J Publ Health. 2020;38(1):32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514341

  49. Solanke BL. Does exposure to interparental violence increase women’s risk of intimate partner violence? Evidence from Nigeria demographic and health survey. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018;18(1):1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12914-018-0143-9

  50. Caballero J, Alfaro M, Nuñez Y, Torres H. Violencia psicológica contra la mujer por su pareja en el Perú, 2004-2007. Revista Peruana de Epidemiología. 2004;13(3):1–7. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=203120367006

  51. Pina-Roche F, Llor AMS, Bravo MDM, Meseguer CB. Identificación de la violencia entre adolescentes como mecanismo de control en el aula y en el noviazgo. Nure Investigación. 2016;(82):4. https://www.nureinvestigacion.es/OJS/index.php/nure/article/view/785