Rev Cuid. 2025; 16(1): 4317

https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4317

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Characterization of the nutritional status of university students, Medellín-Colombia, 2022

Caracterización del estado nutricional de estudiantes universitarios, Medellín-Colombia, 2022

Caracterização do estado nutricional de estudantes universitários, Medellín-Colômbia, 2022

Nutricionista Dietista, Magíster en Ciencias de la Alimentación y Nutrición Humana. Investigadora independiente. E-mail: marunutricion@gmail.com María Eugenia Muñoz-Galeano
Nutricionista Dietista, Magíster en Ciencias de la Alimentación y Nutrición Humana. Grupo de investigación en Salud Familiar y Comunitaria, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington Medellín, Colombia. E-mail: eliana.londono@uniremington.edu.co Eliana Londoño-Cano
Gerente de Sistemas de Información en Salud. Magíster en Epidemiología. Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias y Envejecimiento – GISAM, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington. Rehabilitación en Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia. E-mail: carlos.vargas01@uniremington.edu.co Correspondence Author Carlos Andrés Vargas-Alzate

Highlights

 

How to cite this article: Muñoz-Galeano María Eugenia, Londoño-Cano Eliana, Vargas-Alzate Carlos Andrés. Characterization of the nutritional status of university students, Medellín-Colombia, 2022. Revista Cuidarte. 2025;16(1):e4317. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4317

Received: August 7th 2024
Accepted: December 9th 2024
Published: April 28th 2025

CreativeCommons 

E-ISSN: 2346-3414

Abstract

Introduction: The rising prevalence of overweight and non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) represents a serious public health problem for young people in countries across the Americas. Objective: To analyze the nutritional status of students at a higher education institution in Medellín, Colombia, 2022. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 352 students. Sociodemographic information, nutritional status, and lifestyle habits were collected through surveys. Validated instruments were used to measure nutritional indicators. Data analysis included frequency distributions, summary measures, and statistical tests applied based on the assumption of normality. Results: 31.82% of students were overweight, 22.16% had a high body fat percentage, and 19.32% were at cardiovascular risk. A statistical association was observed between BMI and both academic programs and age. While the consumption of natural foods was common, there was also a high intake of ultra-processed foods. Additionally, 62.78% of students engaged in adequate physical activity, yet 95.17% displayed sedentary behavior, and 39.77% had low handgrip strength. A potential positive correlation was identified between BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and handgrip strength. Discussion: The study revealed a concerning nutritional profile among university students, marked by overweight, increased adiposity, and sedentary behavior, aligning with findings from similar studies conducted in this population across various regions. Although the frequent consumption of natural foods and engagement in adequate physical activity are positive aspects, they contrast with the high intake of ultra-processed foods and prevalent sedentary lifestyles—patterns consistent with research in Latin America. Conclusion: The university environment often increases students' risk of metabolic disorders, high consumption of ultra-processed foods, excess adiposity, and low physical activity levels, contributing to a nutritional profile that calls for attention and implementing preventive educational strategies.

Keywords: Nutritional Status; Non-communicable Diseases; Students; Sedentary lifestyle; Food Consumption.

Resumen

Introducción: El aumento del exceso de peso y de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) representa un grave problema de salud pública para los jóvenes de países de las Américas. Objetivo: Analizar el estado nutricional de los estudiantes de una institución de educación superior, Medellín-Colombia 2022. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con 352 estudiantes. Se recolectó información sociodemográfica, sobre el estado nutricional y los hábitos de vida mediante encuestas. Los instrumentos aplicados están validados para la medición de indicadores nutricionales. Se calcularon frecuencias, medidas de resumen y pruebas estadísticas según el supuesto de normalidad. Resultados: El 31,82% de los estudiantes presentó exceso de peso, 22,16% alto porcentaje de grasa y 19,32% riesgo cardiovascular. Se encontró una asociación estadística entre el IMC con el programa académico y la edad. Aunque el consumo de alimentos naturales fue frecuente, se encontró un alto consumo de ultraprocesados. El 62,78% presentó actividad física adecuada, el 95,17% sedentarismo y el 39,77% bajos niveles de fuerza prensil. Además, se identificó una posible correlación positiva entre el IMC, la circunferencia de la cintura, el porcentaje de grasa y la fuerza prensil. Discusión: El estudio mostró un perfil nutricional preocupante en estudiantes universitarios, caracterizado por el exceso de peso, adiposidad y sedentarismo, consistente con estudios de diferentes regiones realizados en la misma población. Aunque el consumo de alimentos naturales y la actividad física adecuada son factores positivos, estos contrastan con el alto consumo de ultraprocesados y el sedentarismo, hallazgos que coinciden con estudios en Latinoamérica. Conclusión: El entorno en el que usualmente se encuentran los estudiantes universitarios aumenta el riesgo de alteraciones metabólicas, ya que el consumo de productos ultraprocesados, el exceso de adiposidad y los bajos niveles de actividad física, condicionan un perfil nutricional que requiere de estrategias educativas preventivas.

Palabras Clave: Estado Nutricional; Enfermedades no Transmisibles; Estudiantes; Sedentarismo; Consumo de Alimentos.

Resumo

Introdução: O aumento do excesso de peso e das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) representa um grave problema de saúde pública para os jovens em países das Américas. Objetivo: Analisar o estado nutricional dos estudantes de uma instituição de ensino superior em Medellín, Colômbia, 2022. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal com 352 estudantes. Informações sociodemográficas, estado nutricional e hábitos de vida foram coletados por meio de pesquisas. Os instrumentos aplicados são validados para mensuração de indicadores nutricionais. Frequências, medidas de resumo e testes estatísticos foram calculados de acordo com a suposição de normalidade. Resultados: 31,82% dos estudantes apresentavam sobrepeso, 22,16% apresentavam alto percentual de gordura e 19,32% apresentavam risco cardiovascular. Foi apresentada associação estatística entre o IMC com o programa acadêmico e a idade. O consumo de alimentos naturais era frequente, porém o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados era alto. 62,78% apresentaram atividade física adequada, 95,17% sedentarismo e 39,77% baixos níveis de força de preensão. Existe uma possível correlação positiva entre o IMC e a circunferência da cintura, a porcentagem de gordura e a força de preensão. Discussão: O estudo mostrou um perfil nutricional preocupante em universitários, com excesso de peso, adiposidade e sedentarismo, consistente com estudos de diferentes latitudes realizados na mesma população. Embora o consumo de alimentos naturais e a atividade física adequada sejam fatores positivos, eles contrastam com o alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e o sedentarismo, que coincidem com estudos na América Latina. Conclusão: O ambiente em que os estudantes universitários costumam se encontrar aumenta o risco de distúrbios metabólicos, uma vez que o consumo de produtos ultraprocessados, o excesso de adiposidade e os baixos níveis de atividade física condicionam um perfil nutricional que requer estratégias educativas preventivas.

Palavras-Chave: Estado Nutricional; Doenças não Transmissíveis; Estudantes; Sedentarismo; Consumo de Alimentos.

 

Introduction

Excess weight and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent significant public health challenges in the Americas, particularly among young people1. In the case of university students, this transitional stage into adulthood is often marked by adopting new habits, many of which negatively impact health. Limited access to nutritious foods, heavy academic workloads, financial constraints, and the extensive use of electronic devices contribute to increased sedentary behavior and high consumption of ultra-processed foods. These factors, combined with an environment that often neglects physical well-being, heighten the risk of metabolic disorders and the development of NCDs later in life2-5.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs cause approximately 17 million deaths annually worldwide, demonstrating their devastating impact and the urgent need for effective preventive strategies6. Despite the existence of public policies and government initiatives aimed at addressing this issue, NCDs remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, with a concerning outlook that may worsen for future generations6.

Studies in Latin America have reported a concerning rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among university students, with rates ranging between 45.0% and 51.0% in countries such as Chile, Peru, and Ecuador. However, this situation may vary depending on the social and economic context of each region3-5. Additionally, the literature describes a "double burden of malnutrition" in this adolescent population, characterized by the coexistence of nutritional deficiencies and excess weight. This imbalance stems from diets lacking essential nutrients while being high in calories from sugars and fats7,8.

In Colombia, the situation is equally concerning. According to the National Survey of Nutritional Situation (ENSIN 2015), 57.0% of Colombian adults are overweight or obese, reflecting a sustained increase compared to previous studies9. In Medellín, the capital of the department of Antioquia and one of the main cities in the country, the prevalence of excess weight is 51.5%10. This alarming trend also affects younger populations and is driven by various social and economic factors, including unequal access to nutritious foods, rapid urbanization, and barriers to physical activity11,12.

In the university context, students' sociodemographic and cultural characteristics in the city of Medellín play a crucial role in their nutritional profile. The region, known for its cultural and socioeconomic diversity, faces significant challenges regarding access to healthy food and promoting physical activity. The rising cost of living in recent years has led many young people to opt for more affordable food choices, often ultra-processed products that are calorie-dense but deficient in essential micronutrients11,12. Additionally, the demands of academic and work responsibilities contribute to a lack of time, fostering sedentary behaviors and limiting engagement in regular physical activities13.

A sedentary lifestyle and a lack of moderate or vigorous physical activity have been identified as a significant risk factor in college students. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this behavior can increase the risk of premature death by 20% to 30% compared to physically active individuals14,15. In Colombia, recent studies have shown that sedentary lifestyle levels among university students are alarmingly high, which contributes to a higher risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases16,17.

The university environment, where students spend a substantial portion of their time, promotes healthy lifestyle habits and prevents metabolic disorders in young adults. Given the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), localized research is essential to assess students' nutritional status and lifestyle behaviors, enabling the development of targeted interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of students at a higher education institution in Medellín, Colombia. The findings provide evidence to design preventive strategies to promote healthier lifestyles and mitigate NCD risk within this vulnerable population.

 

Materials and Methods

A descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytical scope was conducted among students from a higher education institution in Medellín, enrolled in the 2022 academic year. The sample size was calculated at 352 students, and the parameters were an expected prevalence of overweight people of 51%18, a confidence level of 95%, and a precision error of 5%. The sample was selected by convenience. Students from different academic programs, genders, and ages were included according to their availability to participate and who had current enrollment. Students who were pregnant, with pacemakers or prostheses, a history of hand surgery, and any condition that prevented adequate measurement (pain, recent surgery, among others) were excluded.

Students were surveyed, and the data included sociodemographic variables (sex, age, marital status, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and region of origin), nutritional status, and lifestyle habits. The data was obtained through individual sessions led by trained nutrition and dietetics students under the supervision of a professional nutritionist certified at Level II by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK).

Validated instruments for population studies were used for each component, as appropriate: (i) Anthropometry: an adapted "ISAK full profile" form was used19. The variables taken into account were weight, height, waist circumference, skinfolds, body mass index (BMI), BMI/age, cardiovascular risk, and percentage of fat; (ii) Food consumption: the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire of Monsalve et al. was used20; (iii) Grip strength: The protocol of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand was applied. The classification was made according to the grip strength percentiles reported by Schlüssel et al. for adults and the Marrodán Serrano percentiles for adolescents21,22; (iv) Physical activity: The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was administered to determine participants' physical activity level and sedentary behaviors23. A description of the definition of variables, reference values, and equipment used for data collection is provided in Supplementary Table 1 (Table S1).

All data was collected using structured forms in Google Forms and flat files in Microsoft Excel.

Eligibility criteria were thoroughly applied to avoid bias, and the staff in charge of using the instruments received (i) theoretical-practical training in taking anthropometric measurements by a nutrition professional and (ii) training to apply the questionnaire on physical activity and food consumption. A pilot test was carried out with 20 students from the sample to validate the instruments, techniques, and data collection times. Technical sheets for the instruments were prepared, and the equipment calibration was validated according to the supplier's specifications.

For statistical analysis, absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables, and medians with interquartile range (IQR) were obtained according to the Shapiro-Wilk test for quantitative variables. The association between nutritional status indicators and sociodemographic characteristics was determined using Pearson's chi-square, linear chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Their association with nutritional status indicators of a quantitative nature was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant, and the data were processed in SPSS, version 21.

The study was approved by the bioethics committee of the higher education institution where it was conducted, study record number 07202, and was classified as minimal risk according to Resolution 8430 of 1994 of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Additionally, it adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1975). Informed consent was obtained from all participants after they were fully informed about the study objectives, the intended use of collected data, and the measures implemented to protect their privacy, including data anonymization.

The data collected are available for free access and consultation on Zenodo24.

 

Results

A total of 352 students were included in the study. As shown in Table 1, the majority were women (76.14%) and fell within the 16-to-27-year age group (92.33%). Regarding socioeconomic status, 41.76% belonged to lower strata, while 53.13% were from middle strata. Geographically, 67.05% of the participants were from the Coffee Belt and Antioquia.

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of students of a higher education institution, Medellín-Colombia 2022

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Among the students evaluated, 31.82% (n=112) were overweight, 22.16% (n=78) had a high percentage of body fat, and 19.32% (n=68) had elevated cardiovascular risk (Table 2). Women and students aged 19 to 30 were the most affected, exhibiting significantly higher frequencies of excess weight and body fat. A potential statistical association was identified between the academic program and body fat percentage (p = 0.002) and waist circumference classification (p = 0.040).

Quantitative measurement of anthropometric indicators showed possible statistical associations between BMI and age ranges, the percentage of fat, and variables such as sex, age range, marital status, and semester, and waist circumference with sex and age ranges (Table S2).

 

Table 2. Comparison of anthropometric indicators and sociodemographic characteristics of students of a higher education institution, Medellín-Colombia 2022

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Table 2. Comparison of anthropometric indicators and sociodemographic characteristics of students of a higher education institution, Medellín-Colombia 2022

Sociodemographic characteristics BMI Classification p-value Fat percentage p-value Waist circumference classification p-value

Underweight

n=23

Normal range

n=217

Overweight

n=91

Obesity

n=21

Very low / Low / Thinness

n=70

Adequate

n=204

High Moderate / Excess

n=70

High/ Obese

n=8

No cardiovascular risk

n=284

High cardiovascular risk

n=68

%(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n)
Sex 0.069 0.017 0.232
   Female 91.30 (21) 76.50 (166) 75.82 (69) 57.14 (12) 74.29 (52) 80.39 (164) 70.00 (49) 37.50 (3) 77.46 (220) 70.59 (48)
   Male 8.70 (2) 23.50 (51) 24.18 (22) 42.86 (9) 25.71 (18) 19.61 (40) 30.00 (21) 62.50 (5) 22.54 (64) 29.41 (20)
Age ranges 0.006** 0.239 0.180
   16 to 21 86.96 (20) 75.12 (163) 61.54 (56) 57.14 (12) 68.57 (48) 74.51 (152) 65.71 (46) 62.50 (5) 72.54 (206) 66.18 (45)
   22 to 27 13.04 (3) 19.35 (42) 25.27 (23) 28.57 (6) 27.14 (19) 16.67 (34) 28.57 (20) 12.50 (1) 20.77 (59) 22.06 (15)
   28 to 33 0.00 (0) 3.69 (8) 7.69 (7) 9.52 (2) 4.29 (3) 5.39 (11) 2.86 (2) 12.50 (1) 4.58 (13) 5.88 (4)
   34 to 39 0.00 (0) 0.92 (2) 3.30 (3) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 1.47 (3) 2.86 (2) 0.00 (0) 0.70 (2) 4.41 (3)
   40 to 45 0.00 (0) 0.46 (1) 2.20 (2) 4.76 (1) 0.00 (0) 1.47 (3) 0.00 (0) 12.50 (1) 1.06 (3) 1.47 (1)
   46 to 51 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0)
   52 to 57 0.00 (0) 0.46 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.49 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.35 (1) 0.00 (0)
Marital status 0.225 0.652 0.601
   Single 100 (23) 94.47 (205) 87.91 (80) 90.48 (19) 95.71 (67) 93.14 (190) 88.57 (62) 100 (8) 93.66 (266) 89.71 (61)
   Married/common-law marriage 0.00 (0) 5.07 (11) 9.89 (9) 4.76 (1) 4.29 (3) 5.88 (12) 8.57 (6) 0.00 (0) 5.28 (15) 8.82 (6)
   Widowed 0.00 (0) 0.46 (1) 1.10 (1) 4.76 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.49 (1) 2.86 (2) 0.00 (0) 0.70 (2) 1.47 (1)
   Other 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 1.10 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.49 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.35 (1) 0.00 (0)
Socioeconomic status 0.119 0.967 0.547
  High 4.35 (1) 5.53 (12) 4.40 (4) 4.76 (1) 7.14 (5) 4.41 (9) 4.29 (3) 12.50 (1) 4.93 (14) 5.88 (4)
   Middle 56.52 (13) 49.77 (108) 60.44 (55) 52.38 (11) 50.00 (35) 54.90 (112) 52.86 (37) 37.50 (3) 53.87 (153) 50.00 (34)
   Low 39.13 (9) 44.70 (97) 35.16 (32) 42.86 (9) 42.86 (30) 40.69 (83) 42.86 (30) 50.00 (4) 41.20 (117) 44.12 (30)
Region 0.899 0.425 0.288
   Coffee Belt and Antioquia 60.87 (14) 69.59 (151) 62.64 (57) 66.67 (14) 71.43 (50) 67.65 (138) 61.43 (43) 62.50 (5) 69.37 (197) 57.35 (39)
   Pacific 26.09 (6) 14.75 (32) 19.78 (18) 19.05 (4) 14.29 (10) 18.14 (37) 15.71 (11) 25.00 (2) 15.85 (45) 22.06 (15)
   Caribbean 13.04 (3) 10.14 (22) 10.99 (10) 4.76 (1) 10.00 (7) 9.80 (20) 12.86 (9) 0.00 (0) 10.21 (29) 10.29 (7)
   Central 0.00 (0) 3.69 (8) 3.30 (3) 4.76 (1) 2.86 (2) 3.43 (7) 4.29 (3) 0.00 (0) 2.82 (8) 5.88 (4)
   Amazon and Orinoquia 0.00 (0) 1.84 (4) 3.30 (3) 4.76 (1) 1.43 (1) 0.98 (2) 5.71 (4) 12.50 (1) 1.76 (5) 4.41 (3)
Ethnicity 0.775 0.973 0.575
   No ethnic affiliation 65.22 (15) 70.51 (153) 73.63 (67) 66.67 (14) 68.57 (48) 70.10 (143) 75.71 (53) 62.50 (5) 69.72 (198) 75.00 (51)
   Afro-descendant 30.43 (7) 25.81 (56) 19.78 (18) 33.33 (7) 25.71 (18) 25.49 (52) 21.43 (15) 37.50 (3) 25.35 (72) 23.53 (16)
   Indigenous 4.35 (1) 2.30 (5) 5.49 (5) 0.00 (0) 4.29 (3) 3.43 (7) 1.43 (1) 0.00 (0) 3.52 (10) 1.47 (1)
   Other 0.00 (0) 1.38 (3) 1.10 (1) 0.00 (0) 1.43 (1) 0.98 (2) 1.43 (1) 0.00 (0) 1.41 (4) 0.00 (0)
Academic Program 0.122 0.002* 0.040*
   Nutrition and Dietetics 47.83 (11) 49.31 (107) 34.07 (31) 28.57 (6) 50.00 (35) 43.63 (89) 41.43 (29) 25.00 (2) 46.83 (133) 32.35 (22)
   Medicine 34.78 (8) 22.58 (49) 28.57 (26) 42.86 (9) 25.71 (18) 25.49 (52) 28.57 (20) 25.00 (2) 25.00 (71) 30.88 (21)
   Veterinary Medicine 4.35 (1) 15.67 (34) 15.38 (14) 14.29 (3) 12.86 (9) 14.71 (30) 15.71 (11) 25.00 (2) 14.79 (42) 14.71 (10)
   Nursing 4.35 (1) 5.07 (11) 10.99 (10) 4.76 (1) 5.71 (4) 6.37 (13) 7.14 (5) 12.50 (1) 5.63 (16) 10.29 (7)
   Pharmacy Management 8.70 (2) 5.07 (11) 5.49 (5) 4.76 (1) 5.71 (4) 6.37 (13) 2.86 (2) 0.00 (0) 5.28 (15) 5.88 (4)
   Others¥ 0.00 (0) 2.30 (5) 5.50 (5) 4.76 (1) 0.00 (0) 3.43 (7) 4.29 (3) 12.50 (1) 2.46 (7) 5.88 (4)
Academic semester 0.205 0.139 0.113
   1 52.17 (12) 40.09 (87) 31.87 (29) 19.05 (4) 40.00 (28) 41.18 (84) 24.29 (17) 37.50 (3) 39.08 (111) 30.88 (21)
   2 4.35 (1) 14.75 (32) 15.38 (14) 9.52 (2) 10.00 (7) 15.69 (32) 12.86 (9) 12.50 (1) 14.08 (40) 13.24 (9)
   3 17.39 (4) 14.75 (32) 19.78 (18) 19.05 (4) 14.29 (10) 16.18 (33) 21.43 (15) 0.00 (0) 16.20 (46) 17.65 (12)
   4 21.74 (5) 11.06 (24) 15.38 (14) 28.57 (6) 15.71 (11) 10.29 (21) 22.86 (16) 12.50 (1) 13.03 (37) 17.65 (12)
   5 4.35 (1) 7.83 (17) 5.49 (5) 4.76 (1) 8.57 (6) 7.35 (15) 4.29 (3) 0.00 (0) 7.75 (22) 2.94 (2)
   6 0.00 (0) 3.69 (8) 2.20 (2) 14.29 (3) 0.00 (0) 4.41 (9) 2.86 (2) 25.00 (2) 3.17 (9) 5.88 (4)
   7 0.00 (0) 4.61 (10) 8.79 (8) 4.76 (1) 8.57 (6) 2.45 (5) 10.00 (7) 12.50 (1) 4.23 (12) 10.29 (7)
   8 0.00 (0) 1.84 (4) 1.10 (1) 0.00 (0) 1.43 (1) 1.47 (3) 1.43 (1) 0.00 (0) 1.41 (4) 1.47 (1)
   9 0.00 (0) 0.92 (2) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 1.43 (1) 0.49 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.70 (2) 0.00 (0)
   10 0.00 (0) 0.46 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00(0) 0.49 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.35 (1) 0.00 (0)

* Pearson Chi-square test. ** Linear Chi-square test. ¥ Business and financial management; Industrial engineering; Occupational health and safety engineering; Software development; Law; Accounting sciences; and Business and financial administration.

 

Natural foods represented 44.92% (n = 6727) of the total intake, followed by culinary ingredients at 23.27% (n = 3485) and ultra-processed foods at 21.72% (n = 3253) (Table 3). This trend indicated a potential association with sex, as women consumed more natural foods, whereas men exhibited a greater preference for ultra-processed foods (p = 0.015). Figure 1 illustrates the distribution of portion consumption according to the degree of food processing, highlighting the more significant variability within the natural foods category. Additionally, a detailed analysis of portion consumption by food type revealed a high intake of cereals and flours, which was associated with sociodemographic characteristics (Table S3 and Table S4)

 

Table 3. Comparison of the number of portions consumed and sociodemographic characteristics of students at a higher education institution, Medellín-Colombia 2022

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Table 3. Comparison of the number of portions consumed and sociodemographic characteristics of students at a higher education institution, Medellín-Colombia 2022

Sociodemographic characteristics

Natural or minimally processed

n=6727

 p-value

Culinary ingredients

n=3485

 p-value

Processed

n=1511

 p-value

Ultra-processed

n=3253

 p-value
%(n) %(n) %(n) %(n)
Sex 0.143 0.756 0.666 0.015*
   Female 73.63 (4954) 75.98 (2648) 75.99 (1149) 72.95 (2373)
   Male 26.37 (1774) 24.02 (837) 24.01 (363) 27.05 (880)
Age ranges 0.694 0.165 0.261 0.457
   16 to 21 70.44 (4738) 70.40 (2453) 69.72 (1054) 70.70 (2300)
   22 to 27 22.25 (1497) 22.16 (772) 21.41 (324) 22.04 (717)
   28 to 33 4.44 (299) 4.50 (157) 6.60 (100) 4.75 (154)
   34 to 39 1.42 (95) 1.64 (57) 1.00 (15) 1.48 (48)
   40 to 45 1.27 (85) 0.73 (26) 1.16 (18) 0.96 (31)
   46 to 51 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0)
   52 to 57 0.19 (13) 0.56 (20) 0.11 (2) 0.07 (2)
Marital status 0.249 0.297 0.217 0.230
   Single 93.33 (6279) 93.89 (3272) 93.06 (1407) 93.73 (3049)
   Married/common-law marriage 5.84 (393) 5.34 (186) 5.56 (84) 5.66 (184)
   Widowed 0.54 (36) 0.72 (25) 1.32 (20) 0.58 (19)
   Other 0.30 (20) 0.06 (2) 0.07 (1) 0.06 (2)
Socioeconomic status 0.560 0.521 0.554 0.358
   High 5.16 (347) 4.45 (155) 4.17 (63) 4.46 (145)
   Middle 51.68 (3477) 54.15 (1887) 53.31 (806) 54.44 (1771)
   Low 43.15 (2903) 41.38 (1442) 42.53 (643) 41.10 (1337)
Region 0.617 0.349 0.283 0.721
   Coffee Belt and Antioquia 66.93 (4503) 66.86 (2330) 66.40 (1004) 67.08 (2182)
   Pacific 16.93 (1139) 18.77 (654) 18.78 (284) 17.12 (557)
   Caribbean 10.66 (717) 9.81 (342) 9.92 (150) 11.10 (361)
   Central 2.93 (197) 2.81 (98) 3.31 (50) 2.86 (93)
   Amazon and Orinoquia 2.54 (171) 1.72 (60) 1.52 (23) 1.84 (60)
Ethnicity 0.655 0.631 0.991 0.582
   No ethnic affiliation 70.90 (4770) 70.70 (2464) 71.56 (1082) 71.47 (2325)
   Afro-descendant 25.34 (1705) 24.96 (870) 24.27 (367) 24.32 (791)
   Indigenous 2.84 (191) 3.50 (122) 3.04 (46) 2.77 (90)
   Other 0.91 (61) 0.83 (29) 1.12 (17) 1.44 (47)
Academic Program 0.133 0.334 0.474 0.579
   Nutrition and Dietetics 42.07 (2830) 43.96 (1532) 42.42 (641) 40.95 (1332)
   Medicine 26.31 (1770) 24.96 (870) 25.81 (390) 25.95 (844)
   Veterinary Medicine 16.25 (1093) 16.01 (558) 14.89 (225) 17.21 (560)
   Nursing 6.59 (443) 7.72 (269) 7.68 (116) 6.86 (223)
   Pharmacy Management 5.50 (370) 5.19 (181) 6.42 (97) 5.50 (179)
   Others¥ 3.28 (221) 2.16 (75) 2.78 (42) 3.60 (117)
Academic semester 0.443 0.609 0.400 0.595
   1 36.44 (2452) 38.82 (1353) 40.94 (619) 39.90 (1298)
   2 14.36 (966) 13.77 (480) 13.23 (200) 14.42 (469)
   3 17.57 (1182) 16.56 (577) 15.28 (231) 16.17 (526)
   4 12.11 (815) 14.06 (490) 11.44 (173) 11.44 (372)
   5 6.96 (468) 5.37 (187) 7.54 (114) 5.75 (187)
   6 4.09 (275) 4.28 (149) 4.03 (61) 3.87 (126)
   7 5.65 (380) 5.19 (181) 4.50 (68) 5.41 (176)
   8 1.95 (131) 1.23 (43) 2.58 (39) 2.21 (72)
   9 0.54 (36) 0.52 (18) 0.33 (5) 0.58 (19)
   10 0.33 (22) 0.17 (6) 0.20 (3) 0.28 (9)

* Mann-Whitney U test. ¥ Business and financial management; Industrial engineering; Occupational health and safety engineering; Software development; Law; Accounting sciences; and Business and financial administration.

 

 

Figure 1. Distribution of portions consumed according to the level of food processing in students of a higher education institution, Medellín-Colombia 2022

 

According to Table 4, 62.78% (n=221) of the students reported moderate or vigorous physical activity levels. However, 95.17% (n=335) presented sedentary behaviors, and 39.77% (n=140) had low levels of grip strength. Additionally, possible statistical associations were identified: the level of physical activity was related to sex, region of origin, academic program, and semester; sedentary behaviors, with marital status and academic program; and grip strength, with ethnicity.

 

Table 4. Comparison of the level of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and grip strength with the sociodemographic characteristics of students at a higher education institution, Medellín-Colombia 2022

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Table 4. Comparison of the level of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and grip strength with the sociodemographic characteristics of students at a higher education institution, Medellín-Colombia 2022

Sociodemographic characteristics Physical Activity Level (METS†) p-value Sedentarism p-value Dominant hand grip strength p-value

Light

n=131

Moderate

n=138

Vigotous

n=83

No

n=17

Yes

n=335

Low

n=140

Adequate

n=145

Very good

n=67
%(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n) %(n)
Sex < 0.001* 0.257 0.112
   Female 83.97 (110) 81.16 (112) 55.42 (46) 64.71 (11) 76.72 (257) 76.43 (107) 74.48 (108) 79.10 (53)
   Male 16.03 (21) 18.84 (26) 44.58 (37) 35.29 (6) 23.28 (78) 23.57 (33) 25.52 (37) 20.90 (14)
Age ranges 0.202 0.123 0.112
   16 to 21 76.34 (100) 73.91 (102) 59.04 (49) 52.94 (9) 72.24 (242) 73.57 (103) 67.59 (98) 74.63 (50)
   22 to 27 16.03 (21) 20.29 (28) 30.12 (25) 35.29 (6) 20.30 (68) 19.29 (27) 22.76 (33) 20.90 (14)
   28 to 33 4.58 (6) 2.17 (3) 9.64 (8) 5.88 (1) 4.78 (16) 4.29 (6) 6.21 (9) 2.99 (2)
   34 to 39 0.76 (1) 2.90 (4) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 1.49 (5) 1.43 (2) 1.38 (2) 1.49 (1)
   40 to 45 1.53 (2) 0.72 (1) 1.20 (1) 5.88 (1) 0.90 (3) 1.43 (2) 1.38 (2) 0.00 (0)
   46 to 51 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0)
   52 to 57 0.76 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.30 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.69 (1) 0.00 (0)
Marital status 0.395 0.019* 0.177
   Single 92.37 (121) 94.93 (131) 90.36 (75) 76.47 (13) 93.73 (314) 94.29 (132) 91.03 (132) 94.03 (63)
   Married/common-law marriage 6.11 (8) 3.62 (5) 9.64 (8) 23.53 (4) 5.07 (17) 5.00 (7) 8.28 (12) 2.99 (2)
   Widowed 1.53 (2) 0.72 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.90 (3) 0.00 (0) 0.69 (1) 2.99 (2)
   Other 0.00 (0) 0.72 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.30 (1) 0.71 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0)
Socioeconomic status 0.722 0.726 0.852
   High 2.29 (3) 6.52 (9) 7.23 (6) 5.88 (1) 5.07 (17) 7.86 (11) 4.83 (7) 0.00 (0)
   Middle 54.20 (71) 44.93 (62) 65.06 (54) 58.82 (10) 52.84 (177) 52.14 (73) 55.17 (80) 50.75 (34)
   Low 43.51 (57) 48.55 (67) 27.71 (23) 35.29 (6) 42.09 (141) 40.00 (56) 40.00 (58) 49.25 (33)
Region 0.008* 0.736 0.192
   Coffee Belt and Antioquia 66.41 (87) 59.42 (82) 80.72 (67) 70.59 (12) 66.87 (224) 65.71 (92) 71.03 (103) 61.19 (41)
   Pacific 20.61 (27) 22.46 (31) 2.41 (2) 11.76 (2) 17.31 (58) 17.14 (24) 12.41 (18) 26.87 (18)
   Caribbean 9.16 (12) 11.59 (16) 9.64 (8) 11.76 (2) 10.15 (34) 8.57 (12) 12.41 (18) 8.96 (6)
   Central 3.05 (4) 2.90 (4) 4.82 (4) 0.00 (0) 3.58 (12) 5.00 (7) 2.76 (4) 1.49 (1)
   Amazon and Orinoquia 0.76 (1) 3.62 (5) 2.41 (2) 5.88 (1) 2.09 (7) 3.57 (5) 1.38 (2) 1.49 (1)
Ethnicity 0.191 0.426 0.003*
   No ethnic affiliation 64.12 (84) 70.29 (97) 81.93 (68) 88.24 (15) 69.85 (234) 79.29 (111) 68.28 (99) 58.21 (39)
   Afro-descendant 29.77 (39) 26.09 (36) 15.66 (13) 11.76 (2) 25.67 (86) 18.57 (26) 24.14 (35) 40.30 (27)
   Indigenous 4.58 (6) 2.90 (4) 1.20 (1) 0.00 (0) 3.28 (11) 2.14 (3) 5.52 (8) 0.00 (0)
   Other 1.53 (2) 0.72 (1) 1.20 (1) 0.00 (0) 1.19 (4) 0.00 (0) 2.07 (3) 1.49 (1)
Academic Program 0.007* 0.001* 0.635
   Nutrition and Dietetics 31.30 (41) 52.17 (72) 50.60 (42) 76.47 (13) 42.39 (142) 40.00 (56) 42.76 (62) 55.22 (37)
   Medicine 33.59 (44) 26.09 (36) 14.46 (12) 5.88 (1) 27.16 (91) 27.86 (39) 26.21 (38) 22.39 (15)
   Veterinary Medicine 18.32 (24) 9.42 (13) 18.07 (15) 0.00 (0) 15.52 (52) 16.43 (23) 14.48 (21) 11.94 (8)
   Nursing 9.92 (13) 3.62 (5) 6.02 (5) 0.00 (0) 6.87 (23) 5.71 (8) 7.59 (11) 5.97 (4)
   Pharmacy Management 3.82 (5) 6.52 (9) 6.02 (5) 11.76 (2) 5.07 (17) 7.14 (10) 5.52 (8) 1.49 (1)
   Others¥ 3.05 (4) 2.16 (3) 4.81 (4) 5.88 (1) 3.00 (10) 2.84 (4) 3.45 (5) 2.98 (2)
Academic semester 0.045** 0.867 0.403
   1 41.98 (55) 32.61 (45) 38.55 (32) 47.06 (8) 37.01 (124) 36.43 (51) 39.31 (57) 35.82 (24)
   2 17.56 (23) 11.59 (16) 12.05 (10) 5.88 (1) 14.33 (48) 13.57 (19) 14.48 (21) 13.43 (9)
   3 14.50 (19) 18.84 (26) 15.66 (13) 5.88 (1) 17.01 (57) 13.57 (19) 17.24 (25) 20.90 (14)
   4 12.98 (17) 18.12 (25) 8.43 (7) 5.88 (1) 14.33 (48) 16.43 (23) 13.10 (19) 10.45 (7)
   5 4.58 (6) 8.70 (12) 7.23 (6) 17.65 (3) 6.27 (21) 7.14 (10) 6.90 (10) 5.97 (4)
    6 3.82 (5) 2.90 (4) 4.82 (4) 11.76 (2) 3.28 (11) 3.57 (5) 3.45 (5) 4.48 (3)
   7 3.82 (5) 5.80 (8) 7.23 (6) 5.88 (1) 5.37 (18) 7.14 (10) 3.45 (5) 5.97 (4)
   8 0.76 (1) 0.00 (0) 4.82 (4) 0.00 (0) 1.49 (5) 0.71 (1) 1.38 (2) 2.99 (2)
   9 0.00 (0) 0.72 (1) 1.20 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.60 (2) 0.71 (1) 0.69 (1) 0.00 (0)
   10 0.00 (0) 0.72 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.30 (1) 0.71 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0)

* Pearson Chi-square test. ** Linear Chi-square test. ¥ Business and financial management; Industrial engineering; Occupational health and safety engineering; Software development; Law; Accounting sciences; and Business and financial administration. † Metabolic Equivalent of Task.

 

Quantitative analysis of nutritional indicators identified the following statistical correlations: (i) positive between BMI, waist circumference, percentage of fat, and grip strength; and (ii) negative between the percentage of fat with grip strength (Rho= -0.126) and with physical activity level (Rho= -0.229). The level of physical activity showed possible statistical associations with BMI (p=0.044), categorized percentage of fat (p=0.023), cardiovascular risk (p=0.016), and sedentary lifestyle (p=0.001). Finally, the level of grip strength showed a possible association with the categorized percentage of fat (p=0.023).

 

Discussion

This study revealed a concerning nutritional profile among university students, which is marked by excess weight and a high cardiovascular risk. These factors indicate an imbalance in energy regulation, potentially increasing the risk of developing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the medium and long term. Additionally, the frequent consumption of foods rich in simple carbohydrates and deficient in fiber, combined with low levels of physical activity, contributes to the accumulation of body fat and compromised metabolic health. These findings underline an increased risk of NCDs in the lives of young university students.

The nutritional profile of the students revealed a prevalence of excess weight, falling within an intermediate range compared to other studies conducted in Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, the United States, and Mexico, which report values ranging from 16.7% to 55.4%3-5,25-27. This finding suggests that, while excess weight is a global problem, the prevalence observed in this population indicates that socioeconomic and cultural factors significantly influence the construction of the nutritional profile. Furthermore, the possible associations observed between BMI and variables such as age and academic program highlight the need for intervention strategies. These strategies should account for students' demographic and academic characteristics to enhance the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)28-30.

A high percentage of students presented elevated body fat levels, which reflects a tendency towards the accumulation of adiposity, a risk factor in developing metabolic diseases. This finding aligns with previous studies in Latin America, confirming that abdominal obesity and excess body fat are common problems in university populations, regardless of the national context31-33. Additionally, consistent with previous research, a possible relationship was observed between the percentage of fat and sociodemographic variables, such as sex and age34.

The identification of high cardiovascular risk in students underlines the importance of recognizing risk factors in this young population before chronic diseases develop. When comparing these results with other studies in Latin America, it is observed that in Argentina, Cuba, and Chile, the percentage of students with cardiovascular risk varies between 18.2% and 37.0%29,35,36. These figures highlight the importance of implementing early detection and intervention programs for modifiable risk factors to reduce the impact of cardiovascular diseases at an early age and in university environments, where lifestyle habits can influence future health.

The dietary pattern observed among students indicates a high intake of cereals and sugary products, a concerning trend, given that these foods are rich in calories but low in essential nutrients. Although fruit and vegetable consumption met the recommendations of the Food Guidelines for the Colombian Population (GABAS in Spanish)37, these findings contrast with previous studies on university populations, where fruit and vegetable intake was lower. However, they align with prior research reporting a higher consumption of sweets3,38,39. Although the intake of most foods was in line with the recommendations, it is necessary to encourage greater consumption of legumes and reduce the intake of sweets since various studies have linked these habits with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the long term. Additionally, the high caloric intake from sweets and fats may exacerbate body adiposity and energy imbalance in this population, contributing to metabolic disorders40,41.

Regarding the NOVA classification, the predominance of natural food consumption is a positive aspect for students' health, as these foods are associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases. This finding is consistent with departmental reports from Antioquia42. However, the high intake of ultra-processed foods raises concerns, given its association with an increased risk of excess weight, metabolic and psychological disorders, and impaired academic performance. This trend aligns with studies conducted in other Latin American countries3,38,39,43. The preference for fast foods and ultra-processed products in this population is often attributed to factors such as lack of time, socialization, and the beginning of independent life. These aspects should be considered in health interventions38.

The widespread adherence to physical activity recommendations among students is a positive finding, as regular exercise is recognized as a protective factor against cardiometabolic diseases by enhancing insulin sensitivity, improving lipid profiles, and regulating blood pressure44. However, the high prevalence of sedentary behavior in this population remains a significant concern. Prolonged physical inactivity, often associated with electronic devices and academic demands, partially offsets the benefits of regular exercise14,15. Comparisons with other regions reveal that countries such as Mexico and Chile report low physical activity levels among university students, whereas Spain exhibits higher levels27,45,46. This contrast highlights the need for programs that promote regular exercise and reduce sedentary behaviors within the university environment.

The low grip strength frequently observed in this population, particularly among women, underlines the importance of including this indicator as a tool for nutritional assessment, as it is an early marker of morbidity and mortality associated with cardiometabolic diseases47. These results are consistent with a study conducted in China, where men showed 65.0% more strength and about 13.0% more arm circumference than women48. This disparity highlights the need for interventions that promote physical activity and muscle strengthening in both genders, with a particular focus on women, who, due to biological and social factors, tend to have lower muscle mass levels compared to men.

The limitations of the study include: i) The type of study and its exploratory nature of statistical associations do not allow the establishment of causal relationships; ii) The use of a non-probabilistic sampling technique limits the generalizability of the results to the entire study population and prevents extrapolation to other university populations. iii) Although some anthropometric indicators were measured, no biochemical assessments were conducted to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of nutritional status. The data on eating habits and physical activity levels were self-reported, which may introduce recall or social desirability bias. (v) The study did not explore the impact of psychosocial or emotional factors—such as academic stress, anxiety, and social pressure—on nutritional status, which could have contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of its determinants. (vi) Finally, as the analysis was conducted within a single educational institution in Medellín, the findings may not fully represent the diversity of the university environment across the city.

 

Conclusion

This study comprehensively describes the nutritional profile of students from a higher education institution in Medellín. These students are characterized by high levels of excess weight, elevated cardiovascular risk, and significant adiposity, along with unhealthy dietary patterns and lifestyle behaviors. The excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods, widespread sedentary habits, and low grip strength are key factors that heighten the risk of developing metabolic disorders and non-communicable chronic diseases in the future.

These findings also underscore the influence of the university environment, where time constraints, limited financial resources, and restricted access to healthy food options contribute to these issues. Additionally, the observed associations between sociodemographic variables and nutritional status highlight the need for personalized intervention strategies.

Ultimately, implementing comprehensive health promotion initiatives targeting this population is crucial. Strategies should focus on nutritional education, encouraging regular physical activity, and reducing sedentary behavior. These interventions will enhance students' current well-being, help prevent metabolic complications, and reduce the long-term burden of chronic diseases.

Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Financing: No additional financial resources were allocated for this study.

Acknowledgments: We would like to thank the participating students and the research assistants who helped with data collection.

 

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Gutiérrez-Salmeán G, Meaney A, Ocharán M, Araujo J, Ramírez-Sánchez I, Olivares-Corichi I, et al. Características antropométricas, presión arterial, hábitos dietarios y de actividad física en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud; el Proyecto Observatorio de Obesidad Nutr. Hosp. 2013;(1):194-201. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112013000100027

X

Referencias

Bede F, Cumber SN, Nkfusai CN, Venyuy MA, Ijang YP, Wepngong EN, et al. Dietary habits and nutritional status of medical school students: the case of three state universities in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35:15. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.35.15.18818

X

Referencias

Giménez LDA, Degiorgio L, Díaz Zechin M, Balbi MI, Villani M, Manni D, et al. Factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en estudiantes universitarios. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2019;87(3):203-209. https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1850-37482019000300203

X

Referencias

Bailey CP, Elmi AF, Hoban MT, Kukich C, Napolitano MA. Associations between college/university campus characteristics and student body mass index. Environ Health Prev Med. 2022;27(0):12-12. https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.21-00352

X

Referencias

Rangel Caballero LG, Rojas Sánchez LZ, Gamboa Delgado EM. Sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes universitarios colombianos y su asociación con la actividad física. Nutr. Hosp. 2015;(2):629-36. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112015000200012

X

Referencias

Cardozo LA, Cuervo Guzmán YA, Torres Murcia JA. Body fat percentage and prevalence of overweight - obesity in college students of sports performance in Bogotá, Colombia. Nutr Clín Diet Hosp. 2016;(3):68-75. https://doi.org/10.12873/363cardozo

X

Referencias

Nava EYE, López MV, Guadarrama RG, Valle LSG. Porcentaje de grasa corporal asociado a calidad de la dieta y consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad pública de México. Rev Esp Nutr Comunitaria. 2021;27(2):120-6. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8009933

X

Referencias

Antal M, Nagy K, Regöly-Mérei A, Bíró L, Szabó C, Rabin B. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Hungarian University Students in Budapest. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(2):103-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000090497

X

Referencias

Miguel-Betancourt M, Vázquez-González LA, Marchan-Bruzón M, Cue-López CR, Curbelo-Videra W, Mason-Mayford A. Riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de medicina del municipio Puerto Padre de Las Tunas. Univ Méd Pinareña. 2020;16(3):e546. Disponible en: http://www.revgaleno.sld.cu/index.php/ump/article/view/546

X

Referencias

Palomo IF, Torres GI, Alarcón MA, Maragaño PJ, Leiva E, Mujica V. Alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos en una población de estudiantes universitarios de la región centro-sur de Chile. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2006;59(11):1099-105. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300893206747637

X

Referencias

Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos- 2015. Consulta: Octubre 9, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.icbf.gov.co/system/files/guias_alimentarias_basadas_en_alimentos_para_la_poblacion_colombiana_mayor_de_2_anos_3_0.pdf

X

Referencias

Maza Avila FJ, Caneda-Bermejo MC, Vivas-Castillo AC. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura: Hábitos alimenticios y sus efectos en la salud de los estudiantes universitarios. Psicogente. 2022;25(47):1-31. https://doi.org/10.17081/psico.25.47.4861

X

Referencias

Gómez Restrepo F, Gómez Martínez M. Estudio sobre hábitos de consumo alimentario en la universidad autónoma de occidente [Tesis Pregrado Profesional en Mercadeo y Negocios Internacionales] Universidad Autónoma de Occidente 2018. https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10614/10022/T07685.pdf?sequence=5

X

Referencias

Zong G, Eisenberg DM, Hu FB, Sun Q. Consumption of Meals Prepared at Home and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Analysis of Two Prospective Cohort Studies. White M, editor. PLOS Med. 2016;13(7):e1002052. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002052

X

Referencias

Pico Fonseca S, Quiroz Mora C, Hernández Carrillo M, Arroyave Rosero G, Idrobo Herrera I, Burbano Cadavid L, et al. Relación entre el patrón de consumo de alimentos y la composición corporal de estudiantes universitarios: estudio transversal. Nutr. Hosp. 2021; 38 (1):100-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.03132

X

Referencias

Universidad de Antioquia, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Gobernación de Antioquia. Perfil alimentario y nutricional de Antioquia 2019. Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia. Consulta: Enero 16, 2024. Disponible en: https://antioquia.gov.co/images/PDF2/MANA/2019/principales-resultados-perfil-alimentario-y-nutricional-de-antioquia-2019.pdf

X

Referencias

Enriquez JP, Ader D. Associations between health issues and food consumption with overweight and obesity in three university students minorities. J Am Coll Health. 2023;11(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2266045

X

Referencias

Reiner M, Niermann C, Jekauc D, Woll A. Long-term health benefits of physical activity – a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):813. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-813

X

Referencias

Chales-Aoun AG, Merino Escobar JM. Actividad física y alimentación en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Cienc Enferm. 2019;25:16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95532019000100212

X

Referencias

Carballo-Fazanes A, Rico-Díaz J, Barcala-Furelos R, Rey E, Rodríguez-Fernández JE, Varela-Casal C, et al. Physical Activity Habits and Determinants, Sedentary Behaviour and Lifestyle in University Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093272

X

Referencias

Huerta-Ojeda ÁC, Barahona-Fuentes G, Galdames-Maliqueo S, Cáceres-Serrano P, Castillo N, Ortiz-Marholz P. Fuerza prensil como factor predictor de Ansiedad-Rasgo en estudiantes universitarias. Univ Salud. 2021;23(2):100-8. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.212302.221

X

Referencias

Xu T, Li X, Wang D, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Yan J, et al. Hand grip strength should be normalized by weight, not height, for eliminating the influence of individual differences: Findings from a cross-sectional study of 1,511 healthy undergraduates. Front Nutr. 2023; 9:1063939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1063939

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Referencias

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  3. Mardones L, Muñoz M, Esparza J, Troncoso-Pantoja C. Hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios de la Región de Bío-Bío, Chile, 2017. Perspect Nut Hum. 2021;23(1):27-38. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.penh.v23n1a03

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  6. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Enfermedades no transmisibles. [Internet]. 2023. Consulta: Octubre 9, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases#tab=tab_1

  7. Pi RA, Vidal PD, Brassesco BR, Viola L, Aballay LR. Estado nutricional en estudiantes universitarios: su relación con el número de ingestas alimentarias diarias y el consumo de macronutrientes. Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(4):1748-1756. https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/nh/v31n4/40originalvaloracionnutricional01.pdf

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  9. Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar- ICBF. ENSIN: Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional. 2015. Consulta: Octubre 9, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.icbf.gov.co/bienestar/nutricion/encuesta-nacional-situacion-nutricional

  10. Alcaldía de Medellín. Plan de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional del Municipio de Medellín, 2016-2028. 2015. Consulta: Octubre 9, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.medellin.gov.co/irj/go/km/docs/pccdesign/SubportaldelCiudadano_2/PlandeDesarrollo_0_15/InformacinGeneral/Shared%20Content/Documentos/instrumentos/ps/PLAN_SEGURIDAD_ALIMENTARIA_2016-2028.pdf

  11. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Foro Global sobre Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (Foro FSN). 2022. Consulta: Noviembre 11, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.fao.org/fsnforum/es/consultation/HLPE_reducing_inequalities_scope

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  13. Cambronero M, Blasco JE, Chiner E, Lucas-Cuevas AG. Motivos de participación de los estudiantes universitarios en actividades físico-deportivas. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte. 2015;10(2):179-186. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3111/311137747002.pdf

  14. Castro O, Bennie J, Vergeer I, Bosselut G, Biddle SJH. How Sedentary Are University Students? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Prev Sci. 2020;21(3):332-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01093-8

  15. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Actividad Física. 2022. Consulta: Octubre 9, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity

  16. Moreno-Bayona JA. Niveles de sedentarismo en estudiantes universitarios de pregrado en Colombia. Rev Cubana Salud Pública. 2018;44(3):1-14. https://www.scielosp.org/article/rcsp/2018.v44n3/e881/es/

  17. Varela MT, Duarte C, Salazar IC, Lema LF, Tamayo JA. Actividad física y sedentarismo en jóvenes universitarios de Colombia: prácticas, motivos y recursos para realizarlas. Colomb. Med. 2011;42(3):269-277. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S1657-95342011000300002&script=sci_arttext

  18. Domínguez-Gabriel CM, Pacheco-Preciado AR, Franco-Escobar C, Petro JL, Calvo-Betancur VD. Actividad física, composición corporal, fuerza prensil y consumo de alimentos en trabajadores de una institución de educación superior. Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública. 2021; 39(2):e342389. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e342389

  19. Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK). ¿Qué es isak? Consulta: Febrero 15, 2024 Disponible en: https://www.isak.global/Home/Index

  20. Monsalve Álvarez JM, González Zapata L. Diseño de un cuestionario de frecuencia para evaluar ingesta alimentaria en la Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia. Nutr. Hosp. 2011;26(6):1333-1344. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112011000600021

  21. Schlüssel MM, Dos Anjos LA, De Vasconcellos MTL, Kac G. Reference values of handgrip dynamometry of healthy adults: A population-based study. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(4):601-7. https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(08)00072-1/abstract

  22. Marrodán Serrano MD, Romero Collazos JF, Moreno Romero S, Mesa Santurino MS, Cabañas Armesilla MD, Pacheco Del Cerro JL, et al. Dinamometría en niños y jóvenes de entre 6 y 18 años: valores de referencia, asociación con tamaño y composición corporal. An Pediatría. 2009;70(4):340-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2008.11.025

  23. Organización Mundial de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónicas y Promoción de la Salud. Cuestionario mundial sobre actividad física. 2021. Consulta: Febrero 15, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/publications/m/item/global-physical-activity-questionnaire

  24. Muñoz-Galeano ME, Londoño Cano E, Vargas-Alzate CA. Base de datos_Perfil nutricional y de actividad física estudiantes universitarios, Medellín-Colombia, 2022. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13731908

  25. Corvos C, Corvos A. Índices antropométricos como predictores de riesgo cardiovascular en universitarios. Multiciencias. 2014;14(2):196-202. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/multiciencias/article/view/19593

  26. Tran DT, Silvestri-Elmore A, Sojobi A. Lifestyle Choices and Risk of Developing Cardiovascular Disease in College Students. Int J Exerc Sci. 2022;15(2):808-819. https://doi.org/10.70252/YWOV6377

  27. Gutiérrez-Salmeán G, Meaney A, Ocharán M, Araujo J, Ramírez-Sánchez I, Olivares-Corichi I, et al. Características antropométricas, presión arterial, hábitos dietarios y de actividad física en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud; el Proyecto Observatorio de Obesidad Nutr. Hosp. 2013;(1):194-201. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112013000100027

  28. Bede F, Cumber SN, Nkfusai CN, Venyuy MA, Ijang YP, Wepngong EN, et al. Dietary habits and nutritional status of medical school students: the case of three state universities in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35:15. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.35.15.18818

  29. Giménez LDA, Degiorgio L, Díaz Zechin M, Balbi MI, Villani M, Manni D, et al. Factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en estudiantes universitarios. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2019;87(3):203-209. https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1850-37482019000300203

  30. Bailey CP, Elmi AF, Hoban MT, Kukich C, Napolitano MA. Associations between college/university campus characteristics and student body mass index. Environ Health Prev Med. 2022;27(0):12-12. https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.21-00352

  31. Rangel Caballero LG, Rojas Sánchez LZ, Gamboa Delgado EM. Sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes universitarios colombianos y su asociación con la actividad física. Nutr. Hosp. 2015;(2):629-36. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112015000200012

  32. Cardozo LA, Cuervo Guzmán YA, Torres Murcia JA. Body fat percentage and prevalence of overweight - obesity in college students of sports performance in Bogotá, Colombia. Nutr Clín Diet Hosp. 2016;(3):68-75. https://doi.org/10.12873/363cardozo

  33. Nava EYE, López MV, Guadarrama RG, Valle LSG. Porcentaje de grasa corporal asociado a calidad de la dieta y consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad pública de México. Rev Esp Nutr Comunitaria. 2021;27(2):120-6. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8009933

  34. Antal M, Nagy K, Regöly-Mérei A, Bíró L, Szabó C, Rabin B. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Hungarian University Students in Budapest. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(2):103-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000090497

  35. Miguel-Betancourt M, Vázquez-González LA, Marchan-Bruzón M, Cue-López CR, Curbelo-Videra W, Mason-Mayford A. Riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de medicina del municipio Puerto Padre de Las Tunas. Univ Méd Pinareña. 2020;16(3):e546. Disponible en: http://www.revgaleno.sld.cu/index.php/ump/article/view/546

  36. Palomo IF, Torres GI, Alarcón MA, Maragaño PJ, Leiva E, Mujica V. Alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos en una población de estudiantes universitarios de la región centro-sur de Chile. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2006;59(11):1099-105. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300893206747637

  37. Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos- 2015. Consulta: Octubre 9, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.icbf.gov.co/system/files/guias_alimentarias_basadas_en_alimentos_para_la_poblacion_colombiana_mayor_de_2_anos_3_0.pdf

  38. Maza Avila FJ, Caneda-Bermejo MC, Vivas-Castillo AC. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura: Hábitos alimenticios y sus efectos en la salud de los estudiantes universitarios. Psicogente. 2022;25(47):1-31. https://doi.org/10.17081/psico.25.47.4861

  39. Gómez Restrepo F, Gómez Martínez M. Estudio sobre hábitos de consumo alimentario en la universidad autónoma de occidente [Tesis Pregrado Profesional en Mercadeo y Negocios Internacionales] Universidad Autónoma de Occidente 2018. https://red.uao.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10614/10022/T07685.pdf?sequence=5

  40. Zong G, Eisenberg DM, Hu FB, Sun Q. Consumption of Meals Prepared at Home and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Analysis of Two Prospective Cohort Studies. White M, editor. PLOS Med. 2016;13(7):e1002052. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002052

  41. Pico Fonseca S, Quiroz Mora C, Hernández Carrillo M, Arroyave Rosero G, Idrobo Herrera I, Burbano Cadavid L, et al. Relación entre el patrón de consumo de alimentos y la composición corporal de estudiantes universitarios: estudio transversal. Nutr. Hosp. 2021; 38 (1):100-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.03132

  42. Universidad de Antioquia, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Gobernación de Antioquia. Perfil alimentario y nutricional de Antioquia 2019. Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia. Consulta: Enero 16, 2024. Disponible en: https://antioquia.gov.co/images/PDF2/MANA/2019/principales-resultados-perfil-alimentario-y-nutricional-de-antioquia-2019.pdf

  43. Enriquez JP, Ader D. Associations between health issues and food consumption with overweight and obesity in three university students minorities. J Am Coll Health. 2023;11(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2266045

  44. Reiner M, Niermann C, Jekauc D, Woll A. Long-term health benefits of physical activity – a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):813. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-813

  45. Chales-Aoun AG, Merino Escobar JM. Actividad física y alimentación en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Cienc Enferm. 2019;25:16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95532019000100212

  46. Carballo-Fazanes A, Rico-Díaz J, Barcala-Furelos R, Rey E, Rodríguez-Fernández JE, Varela-Casal C, et al. Physical Activity Habits and Determinants, Sedentary Behaviour and Lifestyle in University Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093272

  47. Huerta-Ojeda ÁC, Barahona-Fuentes G, Galdames-Maliqueo S, Cáceres-Serrano P, Castillo N, Ortiz-Marholz P. Fuerza prensil como factor predictor de Ansiedad-Rasgo en estudiantes universitarias. Univ Salud. 2021;23(2):100-8. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.212302.221

  48. Xu T, Li X, Wang D, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Yan J, et al. Hand grip strength should be normalized by weight, not height, for eliminating the influence of individual differences: Findings from a cross-sectional study of 1,511 healthy undergraduates. Front Nutr. 2023; 9:1063939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1063939

 

 

Table S1. Description of the process for collecting the study variables

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Table S1. Description of the process for collecting the study variables

Variable Description
Sociodemographic variables Sociodemographic variables were collected in an Excel-type form. Date of birth was asked to estimate age, self-reported marital status (single, married, free union, divorced, widowed), self-recognition of the person as belonging to some ethnic group was considered, namely: Indigenous, Afro-descendant (black, mulatto, Afro-Colombian), others (ROM, Palenquero from San Basilio, Raizal from the archipelago), none of the above (those who did not consider themselves belonging to any ethnic group or race), according to the ENSIN 2010 1 . For the socioeconomic stratum, the classification defined by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE in Spanish) at the national level (Colombia) was considered, which establishes within its methodology to classify the houses by the quality of the environment, the materials used in the construction and the public services offered. There are 6 categories: stratum 1 (low-low); stratum 2 (low); stratum 3 (medium-low); stratum 4 (medium), stratum 5 (medium-high); and stratum 6 (high) 2 . As for the region of origin, the department was taken into account and subsequently grouped by regions according to DANE: Coffee Belt and Antioquia, Pacific, Caribbean, Central, Amazon, and Orinoquia3 . The degree and semester the students were studying at the university were also taken into account.
Anthropometric variables Weight was measured using a Seca scale calibrated with a sensitivity of 100 g and a capacity of 200 kg; height was measured using a Seca stadiometer calibrated with a sensitivity of 0.1 cm and a capacity of 200 cm; waist circumference was measured using a Lufkin metal tape calibrated with a sensitivity of 0.1 cm and a capacity of 200 cm; fat folds were measured using a Slim Guide caliper with a precision of 0.5 mm with an opening of 80 mm and a pressure of 10 g/mm. The measurements were taken twice to verify that they were within the allowed variability: 100 g for weight, 0.5 cm for height, and 0.5 cm for waist circumference. Regarding nutritional status, anthropometric, dietary and functional indicators were taken into account, such as body mass index (BMI) for those over 18 years of age with cut-off points <18.5 kg/m2 for underweight, 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 for adequate weight, 25 to 29.9 kg/ m2 for overweight and ≥30 kg/ m2 for obesity; for adolescents (under 18 years of age) the BMI/ Age indicator was taken into account, and the cut-off points were those of the World Health Organization (WHO), which establish overweight when the BMI is one standard deviation above the median of the growth reference, and obesity when this measurement is greater than two standard deviations above the median of the growth reference, which vary depending on the exact age of the individuals 4, 5 . To assess cardiovascular risk based on waist circumference, the reference values of the World Diabetes Federation for adults were taken into account, where a measurement ≥80 cm or ≥90 cm indicates cardiovascular risk for women and men, respectively 6 , and for adolescents, the waist circumference percentiles in schoolchildren from Bogotá (Colombia) were used: FUPRECOL Study, which vary according to the exact age of the subjects evaluated7. Regarding the measurement of fat percentage, the sum of triceps, bicipital, subscapular, and suprailiac folds was taken into account, and for the classification of fat percentage, the proposal of Durnin and Womersley for adults was adopted, who define in women <20% thinness, 20-27% adequate, 27-34% excess, >34% obesity and in men < 15% thinness, 15-22% adequate, 22-28% excess, >28% obesity; In the case of adolescents, the proposal of TG Lohman was taken into account, where for women <12% very low, 12-15% low, 15-25% optimal, 25-30% high moderate, 30-35.5% high, ≥35% very high, and for men <6% very low, 6-12% low, 12-20% optimal, 20-25% high moderate, 25-32% high, ≥32% very high 8,9 .
Food consumption The semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire by Monsalve et al. was used, and a photo album designed to estimate the portion of each food consumed by the students was added. For the nutritional content, the nutrient information in the foods (RINAS in Spanish) was taken into account, and for the intake of a healthy diet, the Food Guidelines for the Colombian Population (GABAS in Spanish) and the NOVA classification of foods10-13.
Variable grip strength A properly calibrated Jamar® digital hand dynamometer SP-5030JD was used, applying the protocol of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and the classification was made according to the percentiles of grip strength reported by Schlüssel et al. for adults and the percentiles of Marrodán Serrano for adolescents14,15; the maximum grip strength of the dominant hand was taken into account for the analysis. The cut-off points were: Low grip strength: <25th percentile, Adequate grip strength: between the 25th and 95th percentile, Excellent grip strength: >95th percentile.
Physical activity variables The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (QPAQ)16 was applied to determine the level of physical activity and sedentary behavior as follows: Light or insufficient activity: Less than 600 MET-min/week. Moderate activity: 600 to 2999 MET-min/week. Vigorous activity: more than 3000 MET-min/week). Sedentary behaviors refer to the total daily time a person spends sitting or reclining (excluding time spent sleeping). A person was considered to have sedentary behaviors if they spent more than 7 hours sitting or reclining.

 

References Table S1

X

Referencias

Fonseca Z, Heredia A, Ocampo R, Forero Y, Sarmiento O, Álvarez M, et al. Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia 2010 - ENSIN. Consulta: Octubre 23, 2023. Disponible en: https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstream/10495/25325/1/FonsecaZulma_2010_ENSIN2010.pdf

X

Referencias

Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas – DANE. Estratificación socioeconómica. s.f. Consulta: Noviembre 11, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/servicios-al-ciudadano/servicios-informacion/estratificacion-socioeconomica#preguntas-frecuentes.

X

Referencias

Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas – DANE. Atlas estadístico. Tomo I demográfico. Consulta: Noviembre 11, 2024. Disponible en: https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/servicios/atlas-estadistico/src/Tomo_I_Demografico/%E2%80%A2regiones-geogr%C3%A1ficas.html#:~:text=El%20territorio%20colombiano%20se%20divide,%2C%20Andina%2C%20Orinoquia%20y%20Amazonia.

X

Referencias

Organización Mundial de la Salud. Obesidad y sobrepeso. [Internet]. 2024. Consulta: Noviembre 10, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

X

Referencias

Organización Mundial de la Salud. Interpretando los indicadores de crecimiento. Curso Capacitación sobre la evaluación del Crecimiento del niño. 2008;(4):1–46. Consulta: Octubre 23, 2023. Disponible en: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43601/9789241595070_C_eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

X

Referencias

International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the Metabolic Syndrome [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 23]. Available from: https://idf.org/media/uploads/2023/05/attachments-30.pdf

X

Referencias

Caicedo-Álvarez JC, Correa-Bautista JE, González-Jiménez E, Schmidt-RioValle J, Ramírez-Vélez R. Percentiles de circunferencia de cintura en escolares de Bogotá (Colombia): Estudio FUPRECOL. Endocrinol Nutr. junio de 2016;63(6):265-73. https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-endocrinologia-nutricion-12-articulo-percentiles-circunferencia-cintura-escolares-bogota-S1575092216300183

X

Referencias

Timothy G. Lohman, Champaign IL. Advances in body composition assessment. Human Kinetics Publishers; 1992. 150 p.

X

Referencias

Durnin JV, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years. Br J Nutr. 1974;32(01):77-97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4843734/

X

Referencias

Monsalve Álvarez JM, González Zapata LI. Diseño de un cuestionario de frecuencia para evaluar ingesta alimentaria en la Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia. Nutr. Hosp. 2011;26(6):1333-1344. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112011000600021

X

Referencias

Manjarres Correa LM, Correa Guzmán N. Recopilación de información de nutrientes en los alimentos. RINAS. 1 ed. Medellín, Colombia: Universidad de Antioquia; 2019. P. 75.

X

Referencias

Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos para la población colombiana mayor de 2 años. 2015. Consulta: Octubre 23, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.icbf.gov.co/system/files/guias_alimentarias_basadas_en_alimentos_para_la_poblacion_colombiana_mayor_de_2_anos_3_0.pdf

X

Referencias

Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac JC, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(5):936-41. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10260459/

X

Referencias

Schlüssel MM, Dos Anjos LA, De Vasconcellos MTL, Kac G. Reference values of handgrip dynamometry of healthy adults: A population-based study. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(4):601-7. https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(08)00072-1/abstract

X

Referencias

Marrodán Serrano MD, Romero Collazos JF, Moreno Romero S, Mesa Santurino MS, Cabañas Armesilla MD, Pacheco Del Cerro JL, et al. Dinamometría en niños y jóvenes de entre 6 y 18 años: valores de referencia, asociación con tamaño y composición corporal. An Pediatría. 2009;70(4):340-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2008.11.025

X

Referencias

Organización Mundial de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónicas y Promoción de la Salud. Cuestionario mundial sobre actividad física. 2021. Consulta: Octubre 23, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/publications/m/item/global-physical-activity-questionnaire

  1. Fonseca Z, Heredia A, Ocampo R, Forero Y, Sarmiento O, Álvarez M, et al. Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia 2010 - ENSIN. Consulta: Octubre 23, 2023. Disponible en: https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstream/10495/25325/1/FonsecaZulma_2010_ENSIN2010.pdf

  2. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas – DANE. Estratificación socioeconómica. s.f. Consulta: Noviembre 11, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/servicios-al-ciudadano/servicios-informacion/estratificacion-socioeconomica#preguntas-frecuentes.

  3. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas – DANE. Atlas estadístico. Tomo I demográfico. Consulta: Noviembre 11, 2024. Disponible en: https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/servicios/atlas-estadistico/src/Tomo_I_Demografico/%E2%80%A2regiones-geogr%C3%A1ficas.html#:~:text=El%20territorio%20colombiano%20se%20divide,%2C%20Andina%2C%20Orinoquia%20y%20Amazonia.

  4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Obesidad y sobrepeso. [Internet]. 2024. Consulta: Noviembre 10, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

  5. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Interpretando los indicadores de crecimiento. Curso Capacitación sobre la evaluación del Crecimiento del niño. 2008;(4):1–46. Consulta: Octubre 23, 2023. Disponible en: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43601/9789241595070_C_eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

  6. International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the Metabolic Syndrome [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 23]. Available from: https://idf.org/media/uploads/2023/05/attachments-30.pdf

  7. Caicedo-Álvarez JC, Correa-Bautista JE, González-Jiménez E, Schmidt-RioValle J, Ramírez-Vélez R. Percentiles de circunferencia de cintura en escolares de Bogotá (Colombia): Estudio FUPRECOL. Endocrinol Nutr. junio de 2016;63(6):265-73. https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-endocrinologia-nutricion-12-articulo-percentiles-circunferencia-cintura-escolares-bogota-S1575092216300183

  8. Timothy G. Lohman, Champaign IL. Advances in body composition assessment. Human Kinetics Publishers; 1992. 150 p.

  9. Durnin JV, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years. Br J Nutr. 1974;32(01):77-97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4843734/

  10. Monsalve Álvarez JM, González Zapata LI. Diseño de un cuestionario de frecuencia para evaluar ingesta alimentaria en la Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia. Nutr. Hosp. 2011;26(6):1333-1344. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0212-16112011000600021

  11. Manjarres Correa LM, Correa Guzmán N. Recopilación de información de nutrientes en los alimentos. RINAS. 1 ed. Medellín, Colombia: Universidad de Antioquia; 2019. P. 75.

  12. Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos para la población colombiana mayor de 2 años. 2015. Consulta: Octubre 23, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.icbf.gov.co/system/files/guias_alimentarias_basadas_en_alimentos_para_la_poblacion_colombiana_mayor_de_2_anos_3_0.pdf

  13. Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac JC, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(5):936-41. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10260459/

  14. Schlüssel MM, Dos Anjos LA, De Vasconcellos MTL, Kac G. Reference values of handgrip dynamometry of healthy adults: A population-based study. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(4):601-7. https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(08)00072-1/abstract

  15. Marrodán Serrano MD, Romero Collazos JF, Moreno Romero S, Mesa Santurino MS, Cabañas Armesilla MD, Pacheco Del Cerro JL, et al. Dinamometría en niños y jóvenes de entre 6 y 18 años: valores de referencia, asociación con tamaño y composición corporal. An Pediatría. 2009;70(4):340-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2008.11.025

  16. Organización Mundial de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónicas y Promoción de la Salud. Cuestionario mundial sobre actividad física. 2021. Consulta: Octubre 23, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/publications/m/item/global-physical-activity-questionnaire

    17.  

     

    Table S2. Summary measures of nutritional status and physical activity according to sociodemographic characteristics of university students, Medellín 2022

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    Table S2. Summary measures of nutritional status and physical activity according to sociodemographic characteristics of university students, Medellín 2022

    Sociodemographic characteristics Waist circumference (cm) p-value BMI (m/t2) p-value Fat percentage p-value Maximum value of dominant hand grip strength (Kg) p-value METS p-value
    Median IQRMedian IQRMedian IQRMedian IQRMedian IQR
    Sex < 0.001* 0.167 < 0.001* < 0.001* < 0.001*
        Female 70.73 66.38 - 77.33 22.95 20.84 - 25.44 22.23 18.59 - 25.13 27.40 24.30 - 31.80 720 300 - 2160
       Male 78.45 74.20 - 86.85 23.11 21.14 - 26.27 18.41 14.73 - 22.53 45.10 40.10 - 51.75 2600 580 - 5980
    Age ranges 0.021** 0.004** 0.063 0.082 0.093
       16 to 21 71.70 66.95 - 78.35 22.68 20.59 - 25.16 21.11 17.46 - 24.11 29.30 25.00 - 34.80 720 360 - 2400
       22 to 27 74.20 70.00 - 83.20 23.36 21.79 - 26.31 22.30 17.25 - 25.79 32.65 27.30 - 41.30 1790 400 - 4200
       28 to 33 76.00 68.00 - 80.00 25.22 23.21 - 26.98 22.65 18.69 - 23.91 29.60 25.90 - 45.40 1200 360 - 4440
       34 to 39 81.65 77.00 - 82.35 26.31 24.63 - 27.93 26.46 23.62 - 28.71 30.60 26.60 - 39.00 720 720 - 840
       40 to 45 76.98 75.58 - 93.28 25.46 24.50 - 30.76 23.72 22.33 - 27.13 28.75 24.35 - 30.55 680 480 - 16960
       46 to 51 - - - - - - - - - -
       52 to 57 78.05 78.05 - 78.05 23.34 23.34 - 23.34 21.90 21.90 - 21.90 26.60 26.60 - 26.60 0 0 - 0
    Marital status 0.279 0.073 0.020** 0.469 0.566
       Married/common-law marriage 77.00 72.00 - 81.65 24.63 23.34 - 25.96 24.07 22.65 - 26.45 29.40 26.60 - 32.30 720 240 - 4320
       Other 78.00 69.30 - 97.00 27.13 19.65 - 30.33 26.96 20.03 - 30.51 29.60 29.00 - 31.50 400 400 - 1920
       Single 72.15 67.50 - 79.00 22.86 20.88 - 25.49 21.46 17.45 - 24.23 30.10 25.40 - 37.40 840 400 - 2800
       Widowed 74.25 74.25 - 74.25 24.99 24.99 - 24.99 21.31 21.30 - 21.30 20.70 20.70 - 20.70 800 800 - 800
    Socioeconomic status 0.272 0.517 0.539 0.642 0.189
       High 72.50 68.05 - 77.15 23.18 22.04 - 25.62 22.65 17.18 - 24.94 27.80 24.40 - 36.90 1590 720 - 4200
       Middle 71.95 66.15 - 78.50 22.81 20.56 - 25.41 20.64 17.31 - 24.19 30.60 25.40 - 36.10 720 360 - 2160
       Low 73.50 68.60 - 79.25 23.32 21.18 - 26.01 21.76 17.92 - 24.59 29.40 25.50 - 37.30 900 300 - 3360
    Region 0.170 0.309 0.156 0.461 0.073
       Amazon and Orinoquia 79.58 75.65 - 84.13 25.24 24.17 - 27.03 26.85 23.26 - 27.82 26.70 25.60 - 33.00 1280 680 - 3660
       Caribbean 70.70 67.73 - 80.58 22.64 20.48 - 25.44 21.08 18.26 - 23.55 29.90 26.20 - 42.15 992 448 - 2540
       Coffee Belt and Antioquia 76.25 69.90 - 81.30 23.20 22.69 - 25.73 21.43 17.64 - 25.42 28.70 23.20 - 42.85 1020 360 - 8120
       Central 72.83 67.93 - 78.33 22.97 21.07 - 25.43 21.51 17.45 - 24.37 30.10 25.45 - 36.30 1080 320 - 3360
       Pacific 70.98 66.18 - 79.45 23.40 20.37 - 26.29 22.16 17.62 - 24.98 29.40 24.40 - 34.50 600 330 - 1310
       Ethnicity 0.176 0.722 0.943 0.756 0.030**
       Afro-descendant 70.53 66.78 - 77.53 22.49 20.84 - 25.17 21.53 18.02 - 24.29 30.90 25.35 - 34.50 664 240 - 1760
       Indigenous 72.50 66.25 - 81.10 23.77 20.56 - 25.96 20.26 17.11 - 24.75 30.10 25.90 - 41.30 500 400 - 1200
       Other 70.43 67.85 - 78.80 21.23 20.29 - 24.02 21.99 17.04 - 23.78 38.00 27.90 - 46.25 640 300 - 3620
       No ethnic affiliation 74.05 68.00 - 79.50 23.13 21.08 - 25.73 21.71 17.59 - 24.67 29.40 25.40 - 39.00 1080 400 - 3180
    Academic Program 0.052 0.128 0.851 0.478 0.010**
       Nutrition and Dietetics 70.95 66.60 - 77.30 22.83 28.82 - 24.79 21.66 17.66 - 24.40 29.60 25.40 - 34.40 1440 500 - 3680
       Medicine 73.58 67.70 - 80.78 22.81 20.93 - 25.93 21.58 17.39 - 24.36 29.20 25.25 - 37.40 600 170 - 1440
       Veterinary Medicine 75.28 69.65 - 78.65 23.23 21.89 - 26.01 21.35 17.39 - 24.63 31.30 26.10 - 42.15 780 360 - 3120
       Nursing 76.90 68.00 - 81.50 24.63 22.27 - 26.43 23.27 18.37 - 26.42 28.50 26.20 - 34.50 560 320 - 1600
       Pharmacy Management 74.25 69.00 - 78.35 21.93 19.00 - 25.52 21.31 16.24 - 23.62 29.40 22.10 - 39.60 800 400 - 3360
       Others 77.65 68.00 - 87.80 25.34 21.21 - 27.98 20.37 17.46 - 23.45 30.70 26.00 - 53.90 1440 400 - 3740
    Academic semester 0.330 0.347 0.013** 0.934 0.342
       1 71.10 66.55 - 78.05 22.76 20.18 - 24.84 20.04 17.04 - 23.20 29.30 24.95 - 36.30 740 340 - 2880
       2 73.30 68.80 - 78.50 23.23 21.42 - 25.92 21.83 18.24 - 24.59 31.00 25.50 - 39.20 720 360 - 2520
       3 74.00 67.55 - 79.65 23.48 21.04 - 26.41 21.73 18.31 - 24.91 30.90 25.90 - 37.20 1112 400 - 2560
       4 74.30 69.10 - 82.50 23.49 21.30 - 26.77 23.05 19.64 - 26.56 30.10 26.30 - 35.10 764 160 - 1320
       5 71.25 66.20 - 77.43 22.22 20.89 - 24.83 21.61 19.04 - 25.33 29.60 25.60 - 32.50 860 580 - 3000
       6 76.50 69.00 - 87.60 24.28 21.97 - 29.33 24.36 21.90 - 28.36 30.30 27.50 - 37.80 1740 240 - 6360
       7 78.40 68.10 - 87.75 23.98 21.81 - 27.61 21.76 17.18 - 26.79 31.90 23.10 - 41.50 1320 500 - 6000
       8 71.25 71.05 - 75.60 22.25 22.18 - 23.31 23.27 20.95 - 24.75 29.10 28.00 - 34.10 5360 3740 - 6240
       9 68.50 65.35 - 71.65 21.57 20.63 - 22.51 20.91 18.50 - 23.31 25.60 18.10 - 33.00 2540 1080 - 4000
       10 72.35 72.35 - 72.35 23.48 23.47 - 23.47 22.79 22.78 - 22.78 25.80 25.80 - 25.80 2200 2200 - 2200

    Significant p values in bold * Mann-Whitney U ** Kruskal Wallis

     

    Table S3. Food consumption by sex of university students, Medellín 2022

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    Table S3. Food consumption by sex of university students, Medellín 2022

    Food groups Sex p-value
    Female MaleTotal
    Median 25th percentile75th percentileMedian 25th percentile75th percentileMedian 25th percentile75th percentile
    Dairy 2.80 1.30 4.60 3.00 1.60 4.60 2.90 1.40 4.60 0.457
    Meats and eggs 3.40 2.34 4.77 3.90 2.25 5.62 3.49 2.31 5.07 0.088
    Legumes 0.60 0.20 0.80 0.60 0.20 0.90 0.60 0.20 0.90 0.414
    Cereals and flours 6.15 4.40 8.15 7.20 4.45 11.25 6.25 4.40 8.45 0.055
    Fruits, vegetables and greens 6.07 4.13 9.62 6.38 4.18 11.19 6.18 4.13 9.97 0.363
    Monounsaturated fats 0.57 0.27 1.50 0.57 0.18 2.16 0.57 0.24 1.71 0.919
    Polyunsaturated fats 1.12 0.07 4.77 1.02 0.14 5.00 1.07 0.10 5.00 0.338
    Unsaturated fats 3.45 1.16 6.00 4.26 1.32 6.50 3.55 1.18 6.04 0.138
    Saturated and trans fats 1.00 0.39 3.00 1.22 0.29 4.00 1.00 0.30 3.00 0.925
    Sweets and desserts 4.90 2.80 7.60 5.75 3.25 8.65 5.00 3.00 7.70 0.199
    Liquors 0.20 0.00 0.40 0.10 0.00 0.50 0.20 0.00 0.40 0.953
    Natural or minimally processed 17.00 13.25 21.85 17.45 13.20 28.55 17.15 13.20 23.25 0.143
    Culinary ingredients 9.50 6.00 13.00 9.35 6.25 13.60 9.50 6.05 13.30 0.756
    Processed 3.60 2.10 5.60 3.70 2.55 5.35 3.60 2.20 5.55 0.666
    Ultra-processed 7.90 5.35 11.00 8.80 6.60 13.40 7.90 5.50 11.65 0.015*

    Significant p values in bold * Mann-Whitney U

     

    Table S4. Food consumption according to NOVA classification according to sociodemographic characteristics of university students, Medellín 2022

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    Table S4. Food consumption according to NOVA classification according to sociodemographic characteristics of university students, Medellín 2022

    Sociodemographic characteristics Natural or minimally processed Culinary ingredients Processed Ultra-processed
    Median 25th percentile75th percentileMedian 25th percentile75th percentileMedian 25th percentile75th percentileMedian 25th percentile75th percentile
    Sex
       Female 17.00 13.25 21.85 9.50 6.00 13.00 3.60 2.10 5.60 7.90 5.35 11.00
       Male 17.45 13.20 28.55 9.35 6.25 13.60 3.70 2.55 5.35 8.80 6.60 13.40
    Age ranges
       16 to 21 17.10 13.40 23.00 9.00 6.10 12.40 3.60 2.10 5.40 7.90 5.50 11.90
       22 to 27 17.75 12.90 23.70 10.65 6.00 14.00 3.75 2.20 5.50 8.45 5.20 11.30
       28 to 33 15.50 13.60 21.30 8.50 5.40 12.60 5.20 4.10 6.50 8.10 6.40 10.70
       34 to 39 23.20 12.30 25.60 12.00 9.10 13.60 3.40 2.40 3.40 10.90 6.30 13.00
       40 to 45 20.25 18.95 23.65 4.35 2.25 10.50 4.00 1.35 7.40 5.00 3.05 12.60
       46 to 51 - - - - - - - - - - - -
       52 to 57 12.90 12.90 12.90 19.50 19.50 19.50 1.70 1.70 1.70 2.40 2.40 2.40
    Marital status
       Married/common-law marriage 17.90 13.80 25.50 8.30 4.60 12.30 3.40 2.20 6.00 7.50 5.00 12.30
       Other 12.30 9.50 13.80 8.70 5.50 11.00 4.40 3.60 11.50 5.80 4.70 8.00
       Single 17.20 13.20 23.30 9.70 6.20 13.40 3.70 2.20 5.40 8.10 5.60 11.70
       Widowed 20.00 20.00 20.00 2.30 2.30 2.30 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.30 2.30 2.30
    Socioeconomic status
       High 17.90 13.40 23.20 8.50 4.30 12.90 3.50 1.30 4.60 7.15 4.00 10.30
       Middle 16.70 13.30 21.70 10.00 6.10 14.00 3.70 2.20 5.70 8.00 5.60 12.40
       Low 17.60 13.20 24.10 9.00 6.00 12.60 3.50 2.10 5.40 8.00 5.60 11.40
    Region
       Amazon and Orinoquia 19.50 15.20 26.85 7.95 6.90 8.55 2.65 1.60 3.50 6.75 5.50 8.90
       Caribbean 16.70 13.55 26.45 9.45 6.50 12.00 3.60 1.90 5.30 8.50 5.50 13.05
       Central 15.35 11.25 20.65 8.50 4.40 12.10 4.25 1.50 6.35 7.20 5.35 8.70
       Coffee Belt and Antioquia 16.95 13.25 22.85 9.50 5.65 13.55 3.55 2.20 5.40 7.95 5.50 11.75
       Pacific 17.85 12.80 24.10 11.00 6.75 15.35 4.40 2.95 6.15 8.05 5.75 11.00
    Ethnicity
       Afro-descendant 18.15 12.90 24.60 9.10 6.00 13.00 3.50 2.10 5.30 7.90 5.40 11.30
       Indigenous 16.60 13.60 19.80 11.40 4.70 16.00 3.80 2.20 6.90 8.20 4.10 9.10
       Other 13.70 11.60 19.10 6.50 5.60 8.80 3.10 1.80 6.60 11.85 6.80 16.80
       No ethnic affiliation 16.70 13.40 22.70 9.60 6.10 13.40 3.70 2.20 5.60 7.90 5.70 11.80
    Academic Program
       Nutrition and Dietetics 16.80 12.90 21.50 9.20 5.50 13.30 3.50 1.90 5.30 7.60 5.20 10.70
       Medicine 16.60 13.35 24.75 9.00 5.85 12.70 3.60 2.25 5.35 7.95 5.45 11.20
       Veterinary Medicine 17.80 13.70 26.55 10.30 7.50 13.65 3.90 2.30 5.30 9.35 6.20 13.45
       Nursing 19.10 14.00 26.50 12.00 7.10 17.00 4.80 3.00 6.50 6.80 5.30 12.70
       Pharmacy Management 15.70 14.40 25.20 8.50 5.10 14.60 4.50 2.30 7.50 8.50 6.00 11.60
       Business administration and finance 14.80 14.80 14.80 6.10 6.10 6.10 2.50 2.50 2.50 9.80 9.80 9.80
       Accounting sciences 12.70 12.70 12.70 12.00 12.00 12.00 4.60 4.60 4.60 8.40 8.40 8.40
       Law 11.50 11.50 11.50 4.10 4.10 4.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 7.80 7.80 7.80
       Software development 7.60 7.60 7.60 5.20 5.20 5.20 0.80 0.80 0.80 7.50 7.50 7.50
       Business and financial management 24.60 19.60 30.10 5.00 3.10 10.00 3.70 3.10 6.20 12.40 8.90 15.40
       Occupational health and safety engineering 15.30 12.40 18.20 6.50 1.10 11.90 6.50 2.00 11.00 15.10 8.10 22.10
       Industrial engineering 34.75 30.50 39.00 8.30 7.60 9.00 3.00 1.10 4.90 8.10 7.20 9.00
    Academic semester
       1 16.35 13.40 22.10 10.00 5.60 14.05 4.20 2.25 6.15 8.20 5.50 12.35
       2 17.20 12.60 23.00 9.30 7.10 13.00 3.60 2.10 5.10 7.60 6.20 12.30
       3 19.05 13.80 24.80 9.50 6.00 12.60 3.40 2.70 5.10 7.85 5.20 11.20
       4 15.40 11.50 20.20 9.70 6.40 13.00 3.40 1.70 5.10 7.10 5.10 9.50
       5 18.80 15.45 23.65 6.90 4.65 10.00 3.55 2.10 6.50 7.30 5.20 9.75
       6 17.90 12.30 22.00 12.10 8.50 14.00 4.20 3.50 5.20 8.70 7.50 12.30
       7 17.60 13.90 24.00 9.90 5.30 13.70 3.10 1.70 5.10 8.60 5.70 11.90
       8 16.60 11.50 26.40 6.20 6.10 13.40 5.20 3.40 6.20 7.80 5.90 17.00
       9 18.15 17.60 18.70 9.05 8.60 9.50 2.25 0.80 3.70 9.25 8.00 10.50
       10 21.80 21.80 21.80 6.30 6.30 6.30 2.70 2.70 2.70 9.10 9.10 9.10