Rev Cuid. 2026; 17(2): 4626

https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4626

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Factors associated with dengue preventive attitudes and practices: a cross-sectional study in Peru

Factores asociados a las actitudes y prácticas preventivas del dengue: un estudio transversal en Perú

Fatores associados a atitudes e práticas preventivas em relação à dengue: um estudo transversal no Peru

Universidad César Vallejo. Institutes and Research Centers, Trujillo, Peru. E-mail: iyupari@ucv.edu.pe Corresponding Author Irma Luz Yupari-Azabache
Universidad César Vallejo. Institutes and Research Centers, Trujillo, Peru. E-mail: notiniano@ucv.edu.pe Nélida Milly Otiniano
Universidad Privada del Norte, Trujillo, Peru. E-mail: lucia.bardales@upn.edu.pe Lucia Beatriz Bardales-Aguirre
Universidad César Vallejo. Institutes and Research Centers, Trujillo, Peru. E-mail: sparedes@ucv.edu.pe Susana Edita Paredes-Díaz

Highlights

 

How to cite this article: Yupari-Azabache Irma Luz; Otiniano Nélida Milly; Bardales-Aguirre Lucia Beatriz, Paredes-Díaz Susana Edita. Factors associated with dengue preventive attitudes and practices: a cross-sectional study in Peru. Revista Cuidarte. 2026;17(2):e4626. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4626

Received: November 10th, 2024
Accepted: October 16th, 2025
Published: May 15th, 2026

CreativeCommons 

E-ISSN: 2346-3414

Abstract

Introduction: Dengue is a viral disease transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti, which may be fatal in severe cases. Studying the population's preventive attitudes and practices is essential for strengthening control and prevention strategies. Objective: To analyze the factors associated with dengue preventive attitudes and practices among citizens of northern Peru. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, non-experimental, cross- sectional, descriptive, and correlational study was conducted. A total of 295 citizens aged 18 years and older participated, selected through non-probability sampling. A validated 67-item questionnaire was used, with a dichotomous scale for knowledge and a Likert- type scale for attitudes and practices. Descriptive and inferential analyses (Cramer's V and Kendall's Tau-b) were performed with a 95% confidence level. Results: A total of 49.5% showed indifference toward dengue prevention, 93.6% demonstrated adequate practices, and 54.6% exhibited a high level of overall knowledge about dengue prevention. Discussion: The most commonly identified attitude was fear that a family member might contract the disease, while the most frequent practices included eliminating mosquito breeding sites by changing the water in plant saucers and using commercial insect repellents. These findings are similar to those reported in previous studies. Conclusions: A significant association was found between preventive attitudes and practices and most cultural dimensions. Although the population demonstrates adequate preventive practices, many indifferent attitudes toward dengue prevention persist, which need to be addressed through sustainable educational and sociocultural interventions.

Keywords: Dengue; Primary Prevention; Attitudes; Virus; Aedes.

Resumen

Introducción: El dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por la picadura de mosquitos infectados, principalmente Aedes aegypti, que puede ser mortal en casos graves. Estudiar las actitudes y practicas preventivas de la población resulta esencial para fortalecer las estrategias de control y prevención. Objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a las actitudes y practicas preventivas del dengue en ciudadanos del norte del Perú. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal descriptivo y correlacional. Participaron 295 ciudadanos mayores de 18 años, seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Se utilizó un cuestionario validado de 67 ítems, con escala dicotómica para el conocimiento y tipo Likert para las actitudes y prácticas. Se aplicaron análisis descriptivos e inferenciales (V de Cramer y Tau-b de Kendall) a un nivel de confianza del 95%. Resultados: El 49,5% mostró actitudes indiferentes ante la prevención del dengue, 93,6% presentó prácticas adecuadas y el 54,6% evidenció un alto nivel de conocimiento general sobre la prevención del dengue. Discusión: La principal actitud más identificada fue el temor a que un familiar contraiga la enfermedad, mientras que las prácticas más frecuentes fueron eliminar criaderos cambiando el agua de los porta-platos y usar repelentes comerciales. Estos hallazgos son similares a los reportados en estudios anteriores. Conclusiones: Se halló asociación significativa de las actitudes y practicas preventivas, con la mayoría de las dimensiones culturales. Aunque la población demuestra buenas prácticas preventivas, persiste un nivel importante de indiferencia actitudinal que requiere ser abordado mediante intervenciones educativas y socioculturales sostenibles.

Palabras Clave: Dengue; Prevención Primaria; Actitudes; Virus; Aedes.

Resumo

Introdução: A dengue é uma doença viral transmitida pela picada de mosquitos infectados, principalmente o Aedes aegypti, que pode ser fatal em casos graves. Estudar as atitudes e práticas preventivas da população é essencial para fortalecer as estratégias de controle e prevenção. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados às atitudes e práticas preventivas em relação à dengue entre cidadãos do norte do Peru. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, não experimental, transversal, descritivo e correlacional. Participaram 295 cidadãos maiores de 18 anos, selecionados por amostragem não probabilística. Foi utilizado um questionário validado de 67 itens, com uma escala dicotômica para conhecimento e uma escala do tipo Likert para atitudes e práticas. Análises descritivas e inferenciais (V de Cramer e Tau-b de Kendall) foram aplicadas com nível de confiança de 95%. Resultados: 49,5% apresentaram atitudes indiferentes em relação à prevenção da dengue, 93,6% demonstraram práticas adequadas e 54,6% apresentaram um alto nível de conhecimento geral sobre a prevenção da dengue. Discussão: A atitude mais frequentemente identificada foi o medo de que um membro da família contraísse a doença, enquanto as práticas mais comuns foram a eliminação de criadouros por meio da troca da água em escorredores de louça e o uso de repelentes comerciais. Esses achados são semelhantes aos relatados em estudos anteriores. Conclusões: Foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre atitudes e práticas preventivas e a maioria das dimensões culturais. Embora a população demonstre boas práticas preventivas, persiste um nível significativo de indiferença atitudinal, o que requer intervenção por meio de ações educativas e socioculturais sustentáveis.

Palavras-Chave: Dengue; Prevenção Primária; Atitudes; Vírus; Aedes.

 

Introduction

Dengue is a disease caused by the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. This vector is widely distributed across the American continent, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, with the exception of Canada and continental Chile1. Statistics indicate that nearly 50% of the world’s population is at risk of contracting this disease, and between 100 and 400 million infections occur each year. Although many infected individuals are asymptomatic, dengue can be fatal in severe cases2.

Symptoms range from mild fever to high debilitating fever, accompanied by severe headache, muscle and joint pain, retro-orbital pain, and erythema. In severe cases, it may cause organ damage and respiratory distress1.

The disease occurs primarily during the warm and rainy months. In addition, climate change is facilitating the expansion of vector-borne diseases3,4. In Peru, the impact of climate change has increased dengue cases, with a case fatality rate of 11%. In response, the government has declared a state of emergency in 11 regions, mainly in the northern part of the country2.

Vector control is essential to prevent the spread of the virus, as no specific treatment exists. However, early detection and access to appropriate medical care significantly reduce mortality in complicated cases and severe dengue1,5. It is necessary to promote communication strategies directed at the population, focusing on preventive measures such as proper washing of water containers, insecticide spraying, use of repellents, and elimination of mosquito breeding sites5.

International studies have documented various attitudes, levels of knowledge, and practices related to dengue. In Jazan (Saudi Arabia), demographic factors influenced knowledge and preventive practices, with more favorable attitudes observed among men, although their practices were inadequate6. In the Malakand region, healthcare workers showed good knowledge of the vector, mode of dengue transmission, and prevention and control7. In Nepal, although residents exhibited a very high level of favorable attitudes, knowledge, and preventive practices were insufficient8.

Within this framework, several studies conducted in South American countries have shown how knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dengue vary according to the sociocultural and geographic context. In Venezuela, high levels of knowledge and favorable attitudes toward dengue were reported. The predominant preventive practices included covering water containers, cleaning the areas around homes, and using insecticides9.

In Colombia, nearly 50% of residents had not received training on dengue prevention. However, most individuals were aware of the main symptoms, recognized the severity of the disease, and adopted preventive measures such as cleaning water storage containers and insecticide spraying. Identified risk factors include pet water bowls and water storage tanks10. Likewise, sociodemographic variables were not found to be significantly associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices11.

In Brazil, nearly 80% of individuals aged 18 years and older knew what dengue is, and 70% reported taking some preventive measures. However, mosquito breeding sites were identified in nearly 10% of the households of individuals who reported knowing how to prevent the disease12.

At the local level, regarding the study of sociodemographic factors associated with knowledge and attitudes toward dengue, Piura, Ucayali, Tumbes, and Lambayeque were the regions of Peru with the highest levels of adequate knowledge of the disease. The regions with the highest levels of preventive attitudes were Madre de Dios, Piura, Cajamarca, and Huancavelica. Most respondents knew the modes of dengue transmission and where to seek help if they developed symptoms. However, a large proportion did not have sufficient knowledge about the symptoms or self-medication. Regarding attitudes, fewer than half of the participants were willing to adopt preventive measures. In addition, being female, being married or living with a partner, and residing in the Peruvian Amazon were associated with better knowledge and preventive attitudes toward dengue. In contrast, being an adolescent or being of Quechua ethnicity was associated with poorer knowledge and unfavorable attitudes toward dengue13.

Other studies conducted in Peru indicate that knowledge of dengue is low, regardless of respondents’ age. For example, in an assessment of primary school students with a mean age of 11 years, only 33% had basic knowledge of dengue. This was associated with limited knowledge of the mode of transmission, the characteristics of the vector, the signs and symptoms of the disease, and preventive measures14. Similar results were observed in a study conducted among secondary school students in Lambayeque, although in that group, levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices were higher15. When individuals with a mean age of 34 years were assessed, 76% of them exhibited a low level of knowledge, particularly regarding disease transmission, the etiologic agent, symptoms, and warning signs. However, knowledge of preventive measures was intermediate in 93% of the respondents16.

Dengue is a public health problem, particularly in northern regions where climatic and social conditions favor the proliferation of the vector. Although the Peruvian Ministry of Health conducts prevention and control campaigns, limitations in knowledge and in the adoption of effective preventive practices among the population persist, contributing to the persistence of mosquito breeding sites and the ongoing transmission of the disease. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze whether biological, social, and cultural factors are associated with dengue preventive attitudes and practices among citizens in northern Peru. This will help to understand the barriers faced by the community and guide more effective and context-specific interventions to strengthen community participation in reducing the dengue risk.

 

Materials and Methods

A quantitative study with a non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational design was conducted17. The study population included citizens aged 18 to 72 years from cities in northern Peru, as this is the area most affected by dengue. The sample consisted of 295 citizens, and the sample size was calculated for a finite population. Considering that an acceptable margin of error commonly used in research ranges between 3% and 6%, a margin of error of 5.6% was used, along with a 95% confidence level. These parameters allowed for the determination of an adequate sample, which was proportionally distributed across the cities in the northern region of the country, as described in the first part of the Results section18.

Nonprobability sampling was used. In the first stage, quota sampling was applied, with the sample size distributed proportionally to the population size of each selected department. Subsequently, snowball sampling was used, as each citizen who completed the questionnaire created a multiplier effect by inviting other citizens who met the selection criteria until the required sample size was reached.

The questionnaire developed by the authors was divided into four sections:

First section: It identified the biological and social factors and housing conditions of the citizens, including variables such as age, sex, marital status, educational level, whether they had children, and whether they had stable employment.

Second section: It assessed the cultural dimension through 38 items with response options of Yes, No, and Don’t Know to determine the citizens’ knowledge. This variable included dimensions related to the signs and symptoms of dengue, modes of transmission, knowledge of the disease, and actions to take if symptoms occurred.

Third and fourth sections: They analyzed dengue preventive attitudes and dengue preventive practices through 10 and 12 Likert-scale items, respectively. Preventive practices were evaluated in two dimensions: prevention of mosquito bites and prevention of mosquito breeding sites. In addition, sources of information about dengue were identified, as well as whether participants had been infected and the type of dengue they had contracted.

To categorize the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dengue prevention, a scoring procedure was used to establish cutoff points to classify the results into low, moderate, and high levels (knowledge); unfavorable, indifferent, and favorable (attitudes); and adequate or inadequate (practices).

The scoring procedure involved identifying the minimum and maximum scores obtained on each scale. Based on these values, the total range was calculated as the difference between the minimum and maximum scores, which was then divided by the number of categories established for each variable, yielding the corresponding intervals for each level.

Based on these intervals, participants’ scores were classified according to the established score ranges, allowing for an objective, consistent, and reproducible interpretation of the results. This process enabled the clear identification of the different levels of knowledge as well as the attitudes and practices related to dengue prevention.

The data collection instrument was validated through expert judgment by five health professionals (one epidemiologist, one nurse, two microbiologists, and one physician), who provided comments to improve the instrument. Aiken’s V was 0.94, indicating acceptable validity. Reliability analysis was conducted using questionnaires from a pilot sample of 45 participants from the different departments included in the study. The results showed acceptable reliability: the items for the knowledge variable had a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90. The attitude and practice items were analyzed using McDonald’s omega coefficient19, with coefficients of 0.78 for attitudes and 0.86 for preventive practices. For data collection, the questionnaire was designed in Google Forms® and administered online to the required sample between January and March 2024.

The quality of the data collected through the online questionnaire was verified prior to processing and analysis.

Statistical analysis

The database was exported to SPSS, version 27. To identify the biological, social, housing, and cultural factors associated with attitudes and practices related to dengue prevention, statistical tests of association were performed according to the nature of the variables. For nominal categorical variables, Cramér’s V coefficient was used; for ordinal categorical variables, Kendall’s Tau-b coefficient was applied, with Monte Carlo simulation at a 95% confidence level20. The complete dataset collected in this study is available for open access in the Zenodo repository21.

Ethical considerations

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Professional School of Medicine under (Approval No. 363-CEI-EPM-UCV-2023). In addition, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (respect, beneficence, and justice) were observed. Informed consent was prioritized and included in the Google Form prior to the start of the questionnaire, and participants’ anonymity and integrity were ensured22.

 

Results

In each stratum, respondents were selected proportionally according to the estimated population provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics for northern Peru. The sample distribution was as follows: 15 respondents from Tumbes (5.08%), 40 from Piura (13.56%), 57 from Lambayeque (19.32%), 53 from La Libertad (17.97%), 34 from Ancash (11.53%), 50 from Cajamarca (16.95%), 37 from San Martín (12.54%), and 9 from Amazonas (3.05%)18.

Participant characteristics included a mean age of 34.69 years with a standard deviation of 14.46 years. A total of 51.86% of participants were younger than 30 years, 58.98% were female, 59.66% were single, 92.20% had higher education, 44.75% did not have children, and 58.31% did not have stable employment Table 1.

As shown in Figure 1, most participants reported obtaining information from social media (91.86%), followed by television (88.81%). Additionally, 73.90% indicated that they obtained information through brochures and talks at health centers, among other sources.

 

Figure 1. Sources of information through which participants learn about dengue

 

Table 1 shows that 49.15% of participants had a good preventive attitude toward dengue. Among those with a good attitude, 30.51% were female, 29.15% were single, 45.08% had higher education, 23.05% had children, and 28.14% did not have stable employment. On the other hand, no statistically significant association was found between biological and social factors and attitudes toward dengue prevention (p> 0.05). Likewise, among participant with a good attitude, 43.73% reported having daily access to drinking water, 44.07% had sewer or drainage services, 37.97% had a cistern or elevated water tank, 15.93% stored water in buckets or containers, 19.66% had plants or flowers kept in water, 7.12% had an aquarium, pool, or well, 35.93% reported that their homes had roofs made of solid materials, 7.12% reported having items such as tires or pipes on the roof, 30.17% reported having daily garbage collection service, and 10.51% lived in flood-prone areas. Similarly, none of the housing characteristics were found to be significantly associated with dengue preventive attitudes among citizens in northern Peru (p> 0.05).

Table 1 also shows that 30.51% of the surveyed citizens in northern Peru had a high level of overall knowledge of dengue and a good preventive attitude. Among the cultural factors, almost all dimensions showed statistically significant associations (p< 0.05), except for the level of knowledge regarding modes of transmission, which did not show a statistically significant association with attitudes toward dengue prevention (p> 0.05).

 

Table 1. Factors associated with dengue preventive attitudes among citizens in northern Peru

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Table 2 shows that 93.56% of participants demonstrated adequate preventive practices, while only 6.44% exhibited inadequate preventive practices. Additionally, none of the biological or social factors were statistically associated with dengue preventive practices (p> 0.05).

Among respondents with adequate dengue preventive practices, 82.71% had daily access to drinking water, 85.42% had sewer or drainage services, 71.19% had a cistern or elevated water tank, and 31.86% stored water in buckets or containers. Additionally, 1.36% had inadequate practices and reported having plants or flowers kept in water. Finally, no housing characteristics were found to be significantly associated with dengue preventive practices (p> 0.05). These results are presented in Table 2.

Regarding the cultural factors related to dengue preventive practices, no statistically significant associations were identified (p> 0.05), as shown in Table 2.

 

Table 2. Factors associated with dengue preventive practices among citizens in northern Peru

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Table 2. Factors associated with dengue preventive practices among citizens in northern Peru

Factor Variable / Category Dengue preventive practices

Total

% (n = 295)

 Sig.

Inadequate

% (n = 19)

Adequate

% (n = 276)
Biological and social factors Sex 0.561a
   Male 3.05 (9) 37.97 (112) 41.02 (121)
   Female 3.39 (10) 55.59 (164) 58.98 (174)
Age 0.189a
   Under 30 years 3.05 (9) 48.81 (144) 51.86 (153)
   30-59 years 2.37 (7) 39.66 (117) 42.03 (124)
   60 years or older 1.02 (3) 5.08 (15) 6.10 (18)
Marital status 0.467a
   Single 3.39 (10) 56.27 (166) 59.66 (176)
   Married or cohabiting 2.37 (7) 32.54 (96) 34.92 (103)
   Divorced or separated 0.68 (2) 3.39 (10) 4.07 (12)
   Widowed 0.00 (0) 1.36 (4) 1.36 (4)
Has children 0.475a
   Yes 3.39 (10) 41.36 (122) 44.75 (132)
   No 3.05 (9) 52.2 (154) 55.25 (163)
Educational level 0.670a
   Primary or secondary 0.34 (1) 7.46 (22) 7.80 (23)
   Higher education 6.10 (18) 86.10 (254) 92.20 (272)
Has stable employment 0.970a
   Yes 2.71 (8) 38.98 (115) 41.69 (123)
   No 3.73 (11) 54.58 (161) 58.31 (172)
Housing conditions Daily access to drinking water 5.42 (16) 82.71 (244) 88.14 (260) 0.584a
Sewer or drainage service available 5.42 (16) 85.42 (252) 90.85 (268) 0.300a
Cistern or elevated water tank available 4.75 (14) 71.19 (210) 75.93 (224) 0.813a
Stores water in buckets or containers 2.03 (6) 31.86 (94) 33.9 (100) 0.825a
Plants or flowers kept in water 1.36 (4) 40.00 (118) 41.36 (122) 0.063a
Aquarium, pool, or well present 0.00 (0) 13.90 (41) 13.90 (41) 0.070a
Roof made of solid construction material 4.75 (14) 69.83 (206) 74.58 (220) 0.926a
Items such as tires or pipes on the roof 0.34 (1) 10.85 (32) 11.19 (33) 0.397a
Daily garbage collection service 4.07 (12) 56.27 (166) 60.34 (178) 0.795a
Lives in flood-prone areas 1.02 (3) 20.34 (60) 21.36 (63) 0.540a
Cultural Factors Overall knowledge level 0.521a
   Low 0.34 (1) 4.41 (13) 4.75 (14)
   Moderate 3.39 (10) 37.29 (110) 40.68 (120)
   High 2.71 (8) 51.86 (153) 54.58 (161)
Knowledge of symptoms 0.203a
   Low 1.02 (3) 15.25 (45) 16.27 (48)
   Moderate 3.05 (9) 26.78 (79) 29.83 (88)
   High 2.37 (7) 51.53 (152) 53.90 (159)
Knowledge of transmission modes 0.590a
   Low 0.68 (2) 5.08 (15) 5.76 (17)
   Moderate 3.05 (9) 41.69 (123) 44.75 (132)
   High 2.71 (8) 46.78 (138) 49.49 (146)
Knowledge of the disease 0.384a
   Low 1.36 (4) 12.88 (38) 14.24 (42)
   Moderate 3.73 (11) 47.46 (140) 51.19 (151)
   High 1.36 (4) 33.22 (98) 34.58 (102)
Knowledge of actions to take 0.378a
   Low 0.34 (1) 1.36 (4) 1.69 (5)
   Moderate 2.71 (8) 48.14 (142) 50.85 (150)
   High 3.39 (10) 44.07 (130) 47.46 (140)
Total 6.44 (19) 93.56 (276) 100 (295)

a: Cramer's V test with Monte Carlo simulation at 95% confidence level.

 

Figure 2 shows that the most frequently reported attitude was concern that a household member could contract the disease, with 88.47% agreeing. In contrast, the statement that dengue is a dangerous disease but has a cure showed the highest level of disagreement.

 

Figure 2. Attitudes toward dengue prevention

 

Figure 3 presents the practices used to prevent dengue. The most frequent adequate practice to prevent mosquito breeding sites was changing the water in plant saucers (93.22%), while the most frequent practice to prevent mosquito bites was the use of commercial insect repellents (60%).

 

Figure 3. Practices for dengue prevention

 

Discussion

The results presented in Figure 1 revealed that social media and television are important sources of information about dengue. These findings are consistent with those reported in the Philippines, where television was identified as the most reliable source of information23. Similarly, in Malaysia, social media were found to be among the most relevant sources of information about dengue, particularly among younger populations24. In addition, another study reported that mass media, such as television and radio, were the main sources of information about dengue25,26. However, in Thailand, a large proportion of participants indicated that their primary source of information was teachers, followed by parents and television27.

In this context, the results highlight the importance of social media and current mass media. Therefore, these channels should be considered when designing communication and educational strategies, taking into account the economic, social, and cultural characteristics of the population. An empowered population can become a new “vector” of information and a multiplier of this knowledge28.

Women had better preventive attitudes toward dengue, as reported in Malaysia, where women showed more favorable attitudes than men29,30. This finding differs from what was observed in Saudi Arabia, where men demonstrated more favorable attitudes5. In Peru, women were also found to have more favorable preventive attitudes13. Although no statistically significant association was identified between these variables, relevant percentages were observed that could suggest a possible association. Therefore, it is crucial that health policies take these factors into account, as they directly or indirectly influence behavior regarding this disease31.

Regarding housing characteristics, these do not appear to determine dengue preventive attitudes among citizens in northern Peru. This result differs from a study conducted in Ecuador, which concluded that the most appropriate model for predicting the presence of Aedes aegypti included variables related to housing conditions32. This is also associated with socioeconomic factors, as socially vulnerable individuals have a greater likelihood of experiencing some stage of the disease33,34.

Attitudes toward dengue prevention in northern Peru were categorized as indifferent or favorable, in contrast to countries such as Nepal, Malaysia, and Brazil, where participants showed more favorable attitudes toward prevention8,12,35. In this study, attitudes were found to be significantly associated with educational level and employment status, whereas preventive practices were related to variables such as age, marital status, geographic location, and level of knowledge29. Additionally, previous experience with dengue was positively associated with more favorable attitudes toward its prevention, while poor knowledge and unfavorable attitudes were linked to lower educational levels30.

Overall knowledge levels, as well as knowledge related to symptoms and modes of transmission, were predominantly high, similar to what has been observed in the Philippines, where respondents demonstrated a good understanding of dengue transmission modes, signs and symptoms, prevention, and control22. In contrast, in Malaysia, most participants had a moderate level of knowledge34. In Sri Lanka, good knowledge was found to be significantly associated with individuals aged between 41 and 60 years, secondary or higher education, and higher monthly income30.

Among the frequently reported attitudes were concern that a family member could contract the disease, acceptance of insecticide spraying as a preventive measure against dengue, and willingness to explain to family members how to prevent infection. Regarding preventive practices, most respondents reported adequate preventive behaviors. Among the practices used to prevent mosquito breeding sites, the most notable were changing the water in plant saucers, covering water storage containers, and regularly changing the water in tanks or buckets. Regarding the prevention of mosquito bites, the most frequently reported strategies included the use of commercial insect repellents and mosquito nets, and wearing clothing that covers the entire body. These findings are similar to those reported in studies conducted in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, where preventive measures included covering water storage containers, cleaning the surroundings of homes, and using insecticides9,10,32. In Sri Lanka, most participants did not have mosquito breeding sites, while a smaller proportion reported the presence of larvae and eggs in trays and flower pots. Most participants also kept their garbage containers closed, regularly cleaned water containers, and used larvicides30.

These findings may inform the development of social mobilization and dengue control strategies by addressing gaps and barriers related to knowledge, preventive attitudes, and preventive practices in vulnerable areas36. It is essential to focus on proactive communication campaigns and training programs that strengthen preventive measures, such as insecticide spraying and other effective practices. The main limitation of this study was the data collection process, due to the low participation among citizens in completing the questionnaire. The strategy used, which was based on nonprobability sampling, limits the generalizability of the results. However, the adequate sample size, together with an acceptable margin of error and the appropriate use of statistical techniques, allows for reliable estimates that provide an approximation of the behavior of the variables in the population studied. One of the main strengths of the study is the design and development of the questionnaire by the authors, which allowed the items to be tailored to the characteristics of the study population. The study also adopts a comprehensive approach by considering biological, social, and cultural factors in understanding dengue preventive attitudes and practices. In addition, the regional contextualization provides useful evidence to guide public health interventions adapted to the context of northern Peru.

 

Conclusions

Biological and social factors, as well as housing conditions, were not significantly associated with dengue preventive attitudes or practices among citizens in northern Peru. This suggests that these factors do not determine preventive attitudes or practices related to dengue.

Most of the cultural dimensions analyzed showed a statistically significant association with preventive attitudes and practices, except for the level of knowledge regarding modes of transmission. This finding indicates that, although individuals may have greater or lesser knowledge about how the disease is transmitted, this does not necessarily change their attitudes or preventive practices.

The most prominent attitude was concern that a family member could contract the disease, indicating a high level of sensitivity to risk and the importance placed on family well-being as a central element in the response to the disease.

Among preventive practices, the most common measure to prevent mosquito breeding sites was changing the water in plant saucers, while the use of commercial insect repellents stood out as the most widely adopted strategy to prevent mosquito bites. These preventive actions are consistent with what has been reported in the literature.

Author Contributions: All authors made substantial contributions to the manuscript, including the conception and design of the study, its implementation, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. They participated in drafting and critically revising the article, approved the final version to be published, agreed on the journal to which the manuscript would be submitted, and accepted responsibility for all aspects of the work.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest during the preparation of this article.

Funding: This research was funded by the Research Support Fund for Faculty of the Vice-Rectorate for Research at Universidad César Vallejo, through Resolution No. 192-2023-VI-UCV.

 

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Ahmed AE, Almarhabi MA, Shami MO, Alhazemi AA, Alsharif HM, Abu Hayyah AE, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of the Population in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia Regarding Dengue Fever and Its Prevention Measures: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416812

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Referencias

Khan W, Rahman A, Zaman S, Kabir M, Khan R, Ali W, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Dengue and Its Vector among Medical Practitioners in Malakand Region, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2022:83:e244966. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.244966

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Referencias

Phuyal P, Kramer IM, Kuch U, Magdeburg A, Groneberg DA, Lamichhane Dhimal M, et al. The knowledge, attitude and practice of community people on dengue fever in Central Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07404-4

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Referencias

Martínez M, Espino C, Moreno N, Rojas E, Mazzarri M, Mijares V, et al. Conocimientos, Actitudes y Prácticas sobre dengue y su relación con hábitats del vector en Aragua-Venezuela. Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental. 2015; 55(1):86-93. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1690-46482015000100006&lng=es

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Pacheco García OE, Delgadillo Cañón EDD, Trujillo Vargas LL, Romero Range AC, Gutiérrez Dueñas EJ, Salinas Torres YM, et al. Conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas y subregistro de dengue en el municipio de Tocaima, Cundinamarca, 2019. Revista Cuarzo. 2021;26(2):11-17. https://doi.org/10.26752/cuarzo.v26.n2.501

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Referencias

Casas I, Desjardins M, Delmelle E. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (Kap) toward dengue fever in Cali, Colombia. Geographical Review. 2023;114(1):70–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167428.2023.2169882

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Referencias

Souza Verena MM de, Hoffmann JL, Freitas Maxwell M, Brant Jonas L, Araújo WN de. Avaliação do conhecimento, atitudes e práticas sobre dengue no Município de Pedro Canário, Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, 2009: um perfil ainda atual. Rev Pan-Amaz Saude. 2012;3(1):37-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/S2176-62232012000100006

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Referencias

Fernandez-Guzman D, Caira-Chuquineyra B, Calderon-Ramirez PM, Cisneros-Alcca S, Benito-Vargas RM. Sociodemographic factors associated to knowledge and attitudes towards dengue prevention among the Peruvian population: findings from a national survey. BMJ Open. 2023;13(3):e071236. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071236

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Referencias

Cabrera R, Gómez de la Torre-Del Carpio A, Bocanegra Jesús AI, Correa Borit JM, Huamaní Fuente FJ, Urrunaga Poma PV, et al. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue en estudiantes de educación primaria en Chorrillos, Lima, Perú. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. 2016;77(2):129-135. https://doi.org/10.15381/anales.v77i2.11817

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Referencias

Iglesias-Osores S, Saavedra-Camacho JL, Yamunaqué-Castro LA. Conocimientos actitudes y prácticas sobre el dengue en escuelas públicas de Lambayeque, Perú. Universidad Médica Pinareña. 2021;17(2):1-6. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/6382/638268499013/html/

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Referencias

Dávila-Gonzales JA, Guevara-Cruz LA, Díaz-Vélez C. Nivel de conocimientos de dengue, signos de alarma y prevención en distrito de reciente brote. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas. 2021;20(2). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-519X2021000200014

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Referencias

Manterola C, Quiroz G, Salazar P, García N. Metodología de los tipos y diseños de estudio más frecuentemente utilizados en investigación clínica. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes. 2019;30(1):36-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2018.11.005

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Referencias

Castro EMM. Bioestadística aplicada en investigación clínica: conceptos básicos. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes. 2019;30(1):50-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2018.12.002

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Referencias

Colorado Romero JR, Romero Montoya M, Salazar Medina M, Cabrera Zepeda G, Castillo Intriago VR. Análisis Comparativo de los Coeficientes Alfa de Cronbach, Omega de McDonald y Alfa Ordinal en la Validación de Cuestionarios. Revista Científica y Académica. 2025;4(4):2738-27555. https://estudiosyperspectivas.org/index.php/EstudiosyPerspectivas/article/view/836

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Referencias

Sagaró del Campo NM, Zamora Matamoros L. Técnicas estadísticas para identificar posibles relaciones bivariadas. Revista Cubana de Anestesiología y Reanimación. 2020;19(2). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-67182020000200008

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Referencias

Yupari-Azabache I. Attitudes and preventive practices against dengue: a cross-sectional study in Peru. Zenodo 2025. https://zenodo.org/records/18764767

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Referencias

Editorial E. Declaración de Helsinki de la Asociación Médica Mundial. Arbor. 2008;184(730):349-52. https://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/view/183

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Referencias

Gregorio ER, Takeuchi R, Hernandez PMR, Medina JR, Kawamura S, Salanguit MB, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dengue among public school teachers in a Central Luzon Province in the Philippines: an analytic cross-sectional study. Trop Med Health. 2024;52:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00591-7

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Referencias

Amanah MA, Abdullah H, Abdul Ghafar N. Knowledge attitude and practice on dengue among university students. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2018;5(11):4720-4724. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184562

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Referencias

Karimah Hanim AA, Razman MR, Jamalludin AR, Nasreen EH, Htike MP, SweSwe L, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue among adult population in Felda Sungai panching Timur, kuantan, Pahang. Int Med J Malays. 2020;14(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v14i1.1425

X

Referencias

Leong TK. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dengue among Rural Communities in Rembau and Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health. 2014;4(7):841-848. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2014/10509

X

Referencias

Suwanbamrung C, Saengsuwan B, Sangmanee T, Thrikaew N, Srimoung P, Maneerattanasak S. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards dengue prevention among primary school children with and without experience of previous dengue infection in southern Thailand. One Health. 2021;13:100275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100275

X

Referencias

García de Souza JR, Monti A, Pereyra M, Di Batista CM. Estrategias de comunicación para la prevención del dengue en tiempos de COVID-19. Actas de Periodismo y Comunicación. 2020;6(2). https://perio.unlp.edu.ar/ojs/index.php/actas/article/view/7110

X

Referencias

Lamidi-Sarumoh AA, Shohaimi S, Adam MB, Hisham Mohd MN, Oguntade ES. Systematic review of knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding dengue in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2018;8(12):80-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/japs.2018.81221

X

Referencias

Perera WLS, Perera PK, Wijesundara C, Ambagahawita AM, Fernando SU, Udara S, et al. Household-based survey on knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards dengue infection and prevention in a semi-urban area (Ja-Ela MOH area). International Journal of Medical Parasitology and Epidemiology Sciences. 2021;2(4):83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijmpes.2021.25

X

Referencias

Alvarado-Prado R, Nieto López E. Factores socioeconómicos y ambientales asociados a la incidencia de dengue: estudio ecológico en Costa Rica, 2016. Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública. 2019;28(2):227-238. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/rcsp/v28n2/1409-1429-rcsp-28-02-227.pdf

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Referencias

Ryan SJ, Lippi CA, Nightingale R, Hamerlinck G, Borbor-Cordova MJ, Cruz BM, et al. Socio-Ecological Factors Associated with Dengue Risk and Aedes aegypti Presence in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(5):682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050682

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Referencias

Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Últimos adelantos técnicos en la prevención y el control del dengue en la Región de las Américas. Consulta: Abril 22, 2024. Disponible en: https://www3.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2016/2014-cha-adelantos-prevencion-americas-dengue.pdf

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Referencias

Mondini A, Chiaravalloti Neto F. Socioeconomic variables and dengue transmission. Rev Saúde Publica. 2007;41(6):923–30. https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rsp/2007.v41n6/923-930/en

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Referencias

Nur AM, Azfar M, Omarulharis S, Azfar H, Maryam A, Hafizah S. et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention among sub urban community in Sepang, Selangor. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences. 2017;4(2):73–83. https://publichealthmy.org/ejournal/ojs2/index.php/ijphcs/article/view/396/0

X

Referencias

Benítez-Díaz L, Díaz-Quijano FA, Martínez-Vega RA. Experiencia y percepción del riesgo asociados a conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue en Riohacha, Colombia. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 2020;25(3):1137-1146. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020253.08592018

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  1. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Dengue y dengue grave. 2024. Consulta: Mayo 25, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  2. Ministerio de Salud. Sala situacional del dengue. Perú. Consulta: Mayo 25, 2023. Disponible en: https://www.dge.gob.pe/sala-situacional-dengue/#grafico01

  3. Britos Molinas MB. Implicancia del cambio climático en la aparición del riesgo de transmisión de dengue por Aedes aegypti y su adaptación a las condiciones ambientales locales. Una revisión sistemática. Revista de la Sociedad científica del Paraguay. 2022;27(1):120-137. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8878365

  4. Bhatia S, Bansal D, Patil S, Pandya S, Ilyas QM, Imran S. A Retrospective Study of Climate Change Affecting Dengue: Evidences, Challenges and Future Directions. Frontiers public health. 2022:10:884645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.884645

  5. Sarmiento-Senior D, Matiz MI, Jaramillo-Gómez JF, Olano VA, Vargas SL, Alexander N, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about dengue among pupils from rural schools in an endemic area in Colombia. Biomédica. 2019;39(3):478-490. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.4255

  6. Ahmed AE, Almarhabi MA, Shami MO, Alhazemi AA, Alsharif HM, Abu Hayyah AE, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of the Population in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia Regarding Dengue Fever and Its Prevention Measures: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16812. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416812

  7. Khan W, Rahman A, Zaman S, Kabir M, Khan R, Ali W, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Dengue and Its Vector among Medical Practitioners in Malakand Region, Pakistan. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2022:83:e244966. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.244966

  8. Phuyal P, Kramer IM, Kuch U, Magdeburg A, Groneberg DA, Lamichhane Dhimal M, et al. The knowledge, attitude and practice of community people on dengue fever in Central Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07404-4

  9. Martínez M, Espino C, Moreno N, Rojas E, Mazzarri M, Mijares V, et al. Conocimientos, Actitudes y Prácticas sobre dengue y su relación con hábitats del vector en Aragua-Venezuela. Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental. 2015; 55(1):86-93. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1690-46482015000100006&lng=es

  10. Pacheco García OE, Delgadillo Cañón EDD, Trujillo Vargas LL, Romero Range AC, Gutiérrez Dueñas EJ, Salinas Torres YM, et al. Conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas y subregistro de dengue en el municipio de Tocaima, Cundinamarca, 2019. Revista Cuarzo. 2021;26(2):11-17. https://doi.org/10.26752/cuarzo.v26.n2.501

  11. Casas I, Desjardins M, Delmelle E. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (Kap) toward dengue fever in Cali, Colombia. Geographical Review. 2023;114(1):70–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167428.2023.2169882

  12. Souza Verena MM de, Hoffmann JL, Freitas Maxwell M, Brant Jonas L, Araújo WN de. Avaliação do conhecimento, atitudes e práticas sobre dengue no Município de Pedro Canário, Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, 2009: um perfil ainda atual. Rev Pan-Amaz Saude. 2012;3(1):37-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/S2176-62232012000100006

  13. Fernandez-Guzman D, Caira-Chuquineyra B, Calderon-Ramirez PM, Cisneros-Alcca S, Benito-Vargas RM. Sociodemographic factors associated to knowledge and attitudes towards dengue prevention among the Peruvian population: findings from a national survey. BMJ Open. 2023;13(3):e071236. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071236

  14. Cabrera R, Gómez de la Torre-Del Carpio A, Bocanegra Jesús AI, Correa Borit JM, Huamaní Fuente FJ, Urrunaga Poma PV, et al. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue en estudiantes de educación primaria en Chorrillos, Lima, Perú. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. 2016;77(2):129-135. https://doi.org/10.15381/anales.v77i2.11817

  15. Iglesias-Osores S, Saavedra-Camacho JL, Yamunaqué-Castro LA. Conocimientos actitudes y prácticas sobre el dengue en escuelas públicas de Lambayeque, Perú. Universidad Médica Pinareña. 2021;17(2):1-6. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/6382/638268499013/html/

  16. Dávila-Gonzales JA, Guevara-Cruz LA, Díaz-Vélez C. Nivel de conocimientos de dengue, signos de alarma y prevención en distrito de reciente brote. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas. 2021;20(2). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-519X2021000200014

  17. Manterola C, Quiroz G, Salazar P, García N. Metodología de los tipos y diseños de estudio más frecuentemente utilizados en investigación clínica. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes. 2019;30(1):36-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2018.11.005

  18. Castro EMM. Bioestadística aplicada en investigación clínica: conceptos básicos. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes. 2019;30(1):50-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2018.12.002

  19. Colorado Romero JR, Romero Montoya M, Salazar Medina M, Cabrera Zepeda G, Castillo Intriago VR. Análisis Comparativo de los Coeficientes Alfa de Cronbach, Omega de McDonald y Alfa Ordinal en la Validación de Cuestionarios. Revista Científica y Académica. 2025;4(4):2738-27555. https://estudiosyperspectivas.org/index.php/EstudiosyPerspectivas/article/view/836

  20. Sagaró del Campo NM, Zamora Matamoros L. Técnicas estadísticas para identificar posibles relaciones bivariadas. Revista Cubana de Anestesiología y Reanimación. 2020;19(2). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-67182020000200008

  21. Yupari-Azabache I. Attitudes and preventive practices against dengue: a cross-sectional study in Peru. Zenodo 2025. https://zenodo.org/records/18764767

  22. Editorial E. Declaración de Helsinki de la Asociación Médica Mundial. Arbor. 2008;184(730):349-52. https://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/view/183

  23. Gregorio ER, Takeuchi R, Hernandez PMR, Medina JR, Kawamura S, Salanguit MB, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dengue among public school teachers in a Central Luzon Province in the Philippines: an analytic cross-sectional study. Trop Med Health. 2024;52:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00591-7

  24. Amanah MA, Abdullah H, Abdul Ghafar N. Knowledge attitude and practice on dengue among university students. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2018;5(11):4720-4724. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184562

  25. Karimah Hanim AA, Razman MR, Jamalludin AR, Nasreen EH, Htike MP, SweSwe L, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue among adult population in Felda Sungai panching Timur, kuantan, Pahang. Int Med J Malays. 2020;14(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v14i1.1425

  26. Leong TK. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dengue among Rural Communities in Rembau and Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health. 2014;4(7):841-848. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2014/10509

  27. Suwanbamrung C, Saengsuwan B, Sangmanee T, Thrikaew N, Srimoung P, Maneerattanasak S. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards dengue prevention among primary school children with and without experience of previous dengue infection in southern Thailand. One Health. 2021;13:100275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100275

  28. García de Souza JR, Monti A, Pereyra M, Di Batista CM. Estrategias de comunicación para la prevención del dengue en tiempos de COVID-19. Actas de Periodismo y Comunicación. 2020;6(2). https://perio.unlp.edu.ar/ojs/index.php/actas/article/view/7110

  29. Lamidi-Sarumoh AA, Shohaimi S, Adam MB, Hisham Mohd MN, Oguntade ES. Systematic review of knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding dengue in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2018;8(12):80-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/japs.2018.81221

  30. Perera WLS, Perera PK, Wijesundara C, Ambagahawita AM, Fernando SU, Udara S, et al. Household-based survey on knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards dengue infection and prevention in a semi-urban area (Ja-Ela MOH area). International Journal of Medical Parasitology and Epidemiology Sciences. 2021;2(4):83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijmpes.2021.25

  31. Alvarado-Prado R, Nieto López E. Factores socioeconómicos y ambientales asociados a la incidencia de dengue: estudio ecológico en Costa Rica, 2016. Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública. 2019;28(2):227-238. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/rcsp/v28n2/1409-1429-rcsp-28-02-227.pdf

  32. Ryan SJ, Lippi CA, Nightingale R, Hamerlinck G, Borbor-Cordova MJ, Cruz BM, et al. Socio-Ecological Factors Associated with Dengue Risk and Aedes aegypti Presence in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(5):682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050682

  33. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Últimos adelantos técnicos en la prevención y el control del dengue en la Región de las Américas. Consulta: Abril 22, 2024. Disponible en: https://www3.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2016/2014-cha-adelantos-prevencion-americas-dengue.pdf

  34. Mondini A, Chiaravalloti Neto F. Socioeconomic variables and dengue transmission. Rev Saúde Publica. 2007;41(6):923–30. https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rsp/2007.v41n6/923-930/en

  35. Nur AM, Azfar M, Omarulharis S, Azfar H, Maryam A, Hafizah S. et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention among sub urban community in Sepang, Selangor. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences. 2017;4(2):73–83. https://publichealthmy.org/ejournal/ojs2/index.php/ijphcs/article/view/396/0

  36. Benítez-Díaz L, Díaz-Quijano FA, Martínez-Vega RA. Experiencia y percepción del riesgo asociados a conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue en Riohacha, Colombia. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 2020;25(3):1137-1146. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020253.08592018