Rev Cuid. 2026; 17(1): 4726

https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4726

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Validation of an educational material to promote spiritual well-being in oncology patients

Validación de material educativo para promover el bienestar espiritual en pacientes oncológicos

Validação de material educacional para promover o bem-estar espiritual em pacientes com câncer

Faculty of Nursing, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. E-mail: barbara.salazar.a@upch.pe Barbara C. Salazar-Arce
Faculty of Nursing, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. E-mail: cielo.pacho.s@upch.pe Cielo Y. Pacho-Salinas
Faculty of Nursing, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. E-mail: daniel.condor.c@upch.pe Correspondence Author Daniel F. Condor-Camara

Highlights

 

How to cite this article: Salazar-Arce Barbara C, Pacho-Salinas Cielo Y, Condor-Camara Daniel F. Validation of an educational material to promote spiritual well-being in oncology patients. Revista Cuidarte. 2026;17(1):e4726. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4726

Received: December 2nd, 2024
Accepted: August 7th, 2025
Published: April 14th, 2026

CreativeCommons 

E-ISSN: 2346-3414

Abstract

Introduction: Cancer is a disease that impacts not only physical and emotional levels, but also the spiritual level. Therefore, spiritual well-being is essential for quality of life. In this context, educational materials designed to foster spiritual well-being play a crucial role. Objective: To validate educational material aimed at promoting spiritual well-being in oncology patients. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted with exploration and validation phases of an educational material. The study population consisted of oncology patients and experts. Results: The target population showed a high level of spiritual well- being (26/30). The material was developed through an iterative review process. The validation and evaluation revealed that 7 out of 10 experts rated the educational material as superior, while 9 out of 10 members of the target population rated it as superior, particularly in the areas of “content,”“illustrations,” and “cultural appropriateness,” with a significant difference in “cultural appropriateness” (τ=0.73; p=0.03), where the target population perceived it more positively. Discussion: The material obtained high scores, and understanding spiritual well-being allowed the identification of improvements and adaptation of the material to the target audience. There is a lack of studies regarding the validation of educational materials on spiritual well-being in oncology. This study contributes to and encourages future culturally relevant research. Conclusions: The material was well accepted and developed according to the needs and literature, and it represents progress in promoting oncological care by providing an accessible and culturally appropriate tool.

Keywords: Patient Education Handout; Teaching Materials; Health Education; Spirituality; Neoplasms.

Resumen

Introducción: El cáncer es una enfermedad que no solo tiene un impacto a nivel físico y emocional, sino también a nivel espiritual. Por ello, el bienestar espiritual es fundamental para la calidad de vida. En este contexto, los materiales educativos dirigidos a fomentar el bienestar espiritual adquieren un rol crucial. Objetivo: Validar un material educativo para promover el bienestar espiritual en pacientes oncológicos. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño descriptivo y transversal con fases exploratorias y de validación de un material educativo. La población estuvo conformada por pacientes oncológicos y expertos. Resultados: La población objetivo presentó un alto nivel de bienestar espiritual (26/30). La elaboración del material se trabajó a través de una revisión iterativa. La validación y evaluación del material revelaron que 7/10 expertos calificaron el material educativo como superior, mientras que 9/10 miembros de la población objetivo lo evaluaron como superior especialmente en las áreas “Contenido”, “Ilustraciones” y “Adecuación cultural”, y significativo en la “Adecuación cultural” (τ=0,73; p=0,03), donde la población objetivo la percibe mejor. Discusión: El material obtuvo altas puntuaciones. Conocer el bienestar espiritual permitió identificar mejoras y adaptar el material al público objetivo. Faltan estudios sobre validación de materiales educativos en bienestar espiritual oncológico. Este trabajo aporta y motiva futuras investigaciones culturalmente pertinentes. Conclusiones: El material fue bien aceptado, desarrollado según necesidades y literatura, representa un avance en la promoción del cuidado oncológico al ofrecer una herramienta accesible y culturalmente pertinente.

Palabras Clave: Folleto Informativo para Pacientes; Materiales de Enseñanza; Educación en Salud; Espiritualidad; Neoplasias.

Resumo

Introdução: O câncer é uma doença que impacta não apenas o bem-estar físico e emocional dos pacientes, mas também o bem-estar espiritual. Portanto, o bem-estar espiritual é fundamental para a qualidade de vida. Nesse contexto, materiais educativos que visam promover o bem-estar espiritual desempenham um papel crucial. Objetivo: Validar materiais educativos para promover o bem-estar espiritual em pacientes com câncer. Materiais e Métodos: Este estudo utilizou uma abordagem quantitativa, delineamento descritivo e transversal, com fases exploratória e de validação para materiais educativos. A população foi composta por pacientes com câncer e especialistas. Resultados: A população-alvo apresentou alto nível de bem-estar espiritual (26/30). O material foi desenvolvido por meio de uma revisão iterativa. A validação e avaliação do material revelaram que 7/10 especialistas classificaram o material educativo como superior, enquanto 9/10 membros da população-alvo o classificaram como superior, especialmente nas áreas de "Conteúdo", "Ilustrações" e "Adequação Cultural", e significativamente em "Adequação Cultural" (τ = 0,73; p = 0,03), onde a população- alvo o percebeu melhor. Discussão: O material obteve pontuações altas. A compreensão do bem- estar espiritual permitiu identificar melhorias e adaptar o material ao público-alvo. Estudos sobre a validação de materiais educativos para o bem-estar espiritual oncológico são escassos. Este trabalho contribui e motiva futuras pesquisas culturalmente relevantes. Conclusões: O material foi bem aceito, desenvolvido de acordo com as necessidades e a literatura, e representa um avanço na promoção do cuidado oncológico por oferecer uma ferramenta acessível e culturalmente relevante.

Palavras-Chave: Prospecto para Educação de Pacientes; Materiais de Ensino; Educação em Saúde; Espiritualidade; Neoplasias.

 

Introduction

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Among the most common types are breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, skin (non-melanoma), and gastric cancer1. For this reason, a holistic approach encompassing prevention through treatment is essential. In terms of global incidence, lung cancer ranks second, followed by breast cancer2.

The population between 50 and 75 years of age is more vulnerable to cancer, influenced by hereditary and external factors such as diet, sexual behaviors, alcohol consumption, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, chronic inflammation, and occupational exposure to chemical substances3.

After receiving a diagnosis, an individual may experience post-traumatic stress, which can affect them psychologically, physically, and spiritually4. During this process, oncology patients tend to focus on the disease and death, experiencing emotional disturbances influenced by factors such as personality, coping mechanisms, perceived social support, and economic and lifestyle constraints. These factors contribute to various reactive responses, manifested through significant behavioral changes5.

In addition to emotional well-being, oncologic diseases also affect the spiritual dimension, highlighting the importance of integrating spiritual care into treatment. This can be achieved through unbiased assessments and interventions designed to promote spiritual well-being6.

Spirituality is defined as a sense of inner peace connected to personal, social, and transcendent relationships with a higher entity or power7. It manifests through creative expression, rituals, meaningful relationships, purposeful activities, and religious practices, generating a perception of existential fulfillment8. This dimension directly influences cognitive development and both mental and physical health6,9, and it is recognized as a key factor in quality of life and well-being, encompassing beliefs about illness, the meaning attributed to it, and the inner peace it provides. Moreover, spiritual support contributes to managing stress, anxiety, and depression10,11, strengthens life purpose, and fosters a positive attitude toward treatment and recovery4. It plays a fundamental role in achieving an individual’s full health potential.

The assessment of spiritual well-being considers both beliefs and individual thoughts, addressing devotional and existential aspects to establish a sense of purpose and life satisfaction12. However, measuring spiritual well-being alone is not enough; it is essential to implement actions aimed at its improvement or maintenance. In this regard, various strategies such as counseling, consultations, and health education programs contribute to cognitive development.

These strategies generally fall under the responsibility of nursing professionals, who play a central role in patient education. Spiritual care is considered a fundamental dimension within the science of nursing care9. This reinforces the holistic approach that characterizes nurses as they take on multifaceted roles focused on the patient’s overall well-being.

Therefore, nursing professionals need to develop educational strategies supported by appropriate educational materials6. These resources are key to facilitating patient learning, promoting knowledge, and improving attitudes and skills13. The purpose of educational material lies in adapting to the needs of the target population14.

It is crucial to thoroughly monitor the target audience’s level of understanding, using questions to verify their comprehension. At the same time, it is essential to ensure that the language used is clear and concise, and to carefully assess the design and visual elements to optimize both understanding and the educational experience15. Educational materials are pedagogical tools that facilitate teaching and learning processes, and they include printed, technological, and digital resources16.

In this regard, the validation of educational material is fundamental as it positively contributes to the education of individuals and provides a valuable resource to address concerns when direct consultation with health personnel is not possible15.

The validation of educational material involves a process in which specific material is provided to a group of experts and members of the target population to evaluate and determine whether it fulfills the purpose for which it was designed. This process does not seek a “correct answer” but rather the creation of a resource tailored to the specific needs of patients16. Validated material provides coherent information and contributes to treatment adherence and informed decision-making by patients17.

The validation process defines what information should be included and evaluates whether the illustrations facilitate understanding of the content. Among the components to consider in this process are informational content, presentation, illustrations or graphics, language, stimulation or motivation elements, and cultural appropriateness16.

To ensure the suitability of educational materials, it is advisable to use instruments such as the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM)18 plus reliability and agreement assessment, which facilitate the assessment of the components mentioned. Furthermore, there are guidelines, such as those provided by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)19, which offer frameworks for the design, use, and evaluation of health education materials. These guidelines emphasize key aspects such as the use of clear and simple language, balanced image distribution, appropriate font and image sizes for better visualization, and strategic use of colors to ensure legibility and visual comfort.

In this context, this study aimed to validate an educational material designed to promote spiritual well-being in oncology patients.

 

Materials and Methods

Type of study: A quantitative study with a descriptive and cross-sectional design was conducted, including exploration and validation phases of an educational material. The study was structured in three phases: [1] identification of the target population’s needs through an assessment of spiritual well-being; [2] development of educational material; and [3] validation and evaluation.

Population: The study enrolled oncology patients and experts in the field using a non-probabilistic convenience sampling technique. The literature indicates that between five and ten participants are sufficient to validate educational materials15,20.

In the first phase, all adult and older adult oncology patients from a private oncology clinic were invited during a scheduled visit. Inclusion criteria included the patient’s willingness to participate in the study, and exclusion criteria involved the lack of time or discomfort following treatment that prevented completion of the questionnaire. A total of 30 male and female patients participated, aged between 50 and 75.

The second phase did not include participants.

The third phase involved two groups: the first, consisting of experts—10 professionals, including physicians and nurses specialized in oncology—with more than five years of experience in the field as an inclusion criterion. The second group consisted of oncology patients—the target population— recruited after the development of the educational material. Once again, patients from the clinic were invited to take part, provided they had enough time to participate in the evaluation of the educational material. A total of 10 participants were recruited.

Procedures: In the first phase, each participant completed the Meaning in Life Scale (MiLS)21 questionnaire, which assessed their level of spiritual well-being. Some participants received assistance from a family member to complete the questionnaire.

In the second phase, the educational material was developed based on the results of the previous phase and a literature review that included books and scientific articles about inner peace, spirituality, and emotion management8,22-25. The design was produced by a graphic designer.

The third phase focused on the validation and evaluation of the educational material. For this purpose, the SAM instrument18 was used. Each participant received both the educational material and the instrument in printed format.

Instruments: Spiritual needs were evaluated using a modified version of the Meaning in Life Scale (MiLS)21,26 for Latin American populations, consisting of 21 questions distributed across four dimensions: [1] purpose and [2] level of meaning, each with seven questions rated on a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree); [3] inner peace, with four questions; and [4] benefits of spirituality, with three questions, both dimensions rated on a Likert scale (0 = not at all to 4 = very much). For dimensions [3] and [4], the scale was redefined, increasing the maximum score from four to six points (0=1; 1=2.25; 2=3.5; 3=4.75; and 4=6). The total score was calculated by summing all item scores. A spiritual level of 70% or higher was considered high, while a level below that threshold was considered low or moderate.

The educational material was evaluated using the SAM instrument18, which provides a systematic method to determine the suitability of educational materials. This tool has been used in multiple studies27,28 and validated with a Content Validity Index (CVI) between 0.8016 and 0.9928, and internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.9128. The instrument evaluates six areas: [1] content, [2]language, [3]illustrations, [4]presentation, [5]stimulation/motivation, and [6]cultural appropriateness. It consists of 22 questions rated on a Likert scale (0=not suitable, 1=adequate, 2=superior). Scores for subcategories in each area are summed and divided by the total possible score for that area, then multiplied by 10 for uniformity across factors. For the overall evaluation, all responses are summed. The scores obtained are converted into a percentage score, where “superior” = 70–100%, “adequate” = 40–69% and “not suitable” < 39%18,29.

Analysis Plan: The analysis was performed in R v4.3.2. and RStudio v2023.12. Categorical data were presented as absolute frequencies, and numerical data as means, minimum, and maximum values. Kendall’s Rank Correlation Coefficient was used to measure concordance between expert and target population evaluations, with a significance level of p = 0.05. All collected data are available for open access and consultation on FigShare30.

Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics and Research Committee of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, certificate No. 171-01–22, registration code: 206982. Data confidentiality was ensured, and all participants were informed in advance. All participants provided informed consent during the phases in which they participated. Authoriza- tion was also obtained from the Unidad Oncológica Molecular Peruana Health Center in Lima, Peru.

 

Results

An educational material aimed at promoting spiritual well-being in oncology patients was validated through three phases, with the following results:

Demographic characteristics of participants regarding spiritual well-being: Twenty-two (22/30) participants were female, with a mean age of 62.50 years (ranging from 50 to 75 years). Nineteen (19/30) participants reported being Catholic. Regarding the time elapsed since disease diagnosis, sixteen (16/30) indicated a period between 1 and 11 months Table 1.

 

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants regarding spiritual well-being. n= 30

See More

 

Level of spiritual well-being: Twenty-six (26/30) participants reported a high level of spiritual well- being. All assessed dimensions showed elevated levels of well-being, except for the inner peace dimension, which exhibited an even distribution among the evaluated levels Table 2.

Development of educational material: The content of the educational material was developed based on the results obtained in the previous phase and on a review of the literature8,22-25. In the “purpose” dimension, variables such as the level of personal fulfillment, perception of purpose in life, and satisfaction with daily activities were analyzed. The educational material included information on specific strategies designed to help patients identify and connect with their purposes, set meaningful goals, and maintain a positive attitude toward the future.

 

Table 2. Distribution of spiritual well-being levels. n= 30

See More
X

Table 2. Distribution of spiritual well-being levels. n= 30

Level Frequency %(n)
Objective
   Low or moderate 13.33 (4)
   High 86.67 (26)
Meaning
   Low or moderate 10.00 (3)
   High 90.00 (27)
Inner peace
   Low or moderate 50.00 (15)
   High 50.00 (15)
Benefits of spirituality
   Low or moderate 16.67 (5)
   High 83.33 (25)
Total
   Low or moderate 13.33 (4)
   High 86.67 (26)

 

In the “level of meaning” dimension, the focus was on the importance patients assigned to their lives and their motivation to achieve significant goals. The content for this dimension is centered on activities aimed at exploring and valuing sources of spiritual meaning, as well as promoting a rewarding and positive perspective.

In the “inner peace” dimension, the content focused on practical strategies to foster inner peace and emotional calmness, such as practicing compassion, active listening, and relaxation techniques.

Finally, in the “benefits of spirituality” dimension, the material included information on the role of spirituality in emotional and physical health, along with practical suggestions to cultivate confidence in healing and promote love for life.

The design of the educational material was produced by a graphic designer through an iterative review process in which feedback and recommendations were provided to improve the layout. Visual elements such as graphics and illustrations were incorporated to facilitate understanding of the content. The typefaces used were Bebas Neue Semi Rounded, Puck Medium, and Nud Motoya Maru Std-W5. Font sizes ranged from 14 to 32 points to adjust to the relevance of the text. The material was presented in an A4-sized leaflet format, divided into four sections to organize the information. For the purposes of the study, the material was utilized in the Spanish language Figures 1 and 2.

 

Figure 1. Educational material – front side: “Promoting my spiritual well-being”

 

Figure 2. Educational material – back side: “Promoting my spiritual well-being”

 

Validation and evaluation of educational material: Both experts and the target population were predominantly female Table 3.

 

Table 3. Characteristics of participants in the validation and evaluation of the educational material

See More
X

Table 3. Characteristics of participants in the validation and evaluation of the educational material

Characteristics Experts n=10 Target population n=10
Sex
   Male 40.00 (4) 30.00 (3)
   Female 60.00 (6) 70.00 (7)
Age
   Mean (SD) 35.50 (7.01) 61.90 (9.01)
   Minimum Age-Maximum Age 25-45 52-75

SD: Standard Deviation

 

The evaluation of the educational material by the target population was more favorable compared to that of the experts, particularly in the areas of “content”, “illustrations”, and “cultural appropriateness”. The only statistically significant difference was found in “cultural appropriateness” (τ=0.73; p=0.03), where the target population rated it more positively. The overall evaluation suggested a moderate positive association, although not statistically significant (τ=0.51; p=0.13) Table 4. The comments and observations received were minimal; these were analyzed and promptly incorporated into the material, so a new validation round was not required.

 

Table 4. Evaluation of the educational material

See More
X

Table 4. Evaluation of the educational material

Evaluation Experts n=10 TP n=10 τ p value*
Content 0.13
   Adequate 50.00 (5) 20.00 (2) 0.50
   Superior 50.00 (5) 80.00 (8)
Language 0.74
   Adequate 10.00 (1) 10.00 (1) -0.11
   Superior 90.00 (9) 90.00 (9)
Illustrations 0.07
   Adequate 20.00 (2) 10.00 (1) 0.67
   Superior 80.00 (8) 90.00 (9)
Presentation 0.07
   Adequate 40.00 (4) 20.00 (2) 0.61
    Superior 60.00 (6) 80.00 (8)
Stimulation/motivation 0.07
   Adequate 40.00 (4) 20.00 (2) 0.61
   Superior 60.00 (6) 80.00 (8)
Cultural appropriateness 0.03
   Adequate 10.00 (1) - (0) 0.73
   Not suitable 10.00 (1) 10.00 (1)
   Superior 80.00 (8) 90.00 (9)
Total 0.13
    Superior 70.00 (7) 90.00 (9) 0.51
   Adequate 30.00 (3) 10.00 (1)

TP: Target Population, τ = Kendall’s Tau (values closer to 1 indicate higher agreement), *Kendall’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

 

Discussion

The study validated an educational material aimed at promoting spiritual well-being in oncology patients, where high scores were obtained. As a first step, the needs of the target population were identified. Participants demonstrated high levels of spiritual well-being, except in the “inner peace” dimension. This exception may relate to the emotional and spiritual burden associated with the illness, as well as the struggle with uncertainty, fear, and suffering. However, other studies indicate that individuals with advanced cancer often find positive meaning in stressful situations, which strengthens their spiritual perspective31-33.

The study also showed that most participants reported having a religious inclination. There is strong evidence of a relationship between religious spiritual well-being and resilience in oncology patients8,34. Additional studies have shown that allowing patients to express their religious beliefs during therapy reduces symptoms such as anxiety35 and positively influences coping with illness, including prostate cancer36. Nonetheless, this perspective can be complemented by broader approaches to spirituality that are not necessarily linked to religion33.

The development of the educational material was based on the identified needs of the target population and the review of the literature. The content was sequentially structured, clearly organized, and provided practical recommendations to achieve greater spiritual well-being.

The design contributed to organizing the information coherently37. The use of soft colors38, simple illustrations, and good readability facilitated visualization19, conveyed positive emotions39, and positively influenced content reception40.

The evaluation and validation process involved two stakeholder groups: subject-matter experts and the target population, ensuring objectivity in the evaluation. This process guaranteed accuracy, relevance, and cultural sensitivity in the development of material. Experts contributed credibility and helped identify areas for improvement to enhance the material’s impact41.

The perspective of the target population was essential, as it provided insights based on personal experience and helped determine whether the educational material addressed their needs, questions, and challenges. In addition, the evaluation included an assessment of the material’s religious sensitivity, clarity, and accessibility for older adults. Understanding the level of spiritual well-being was key to identifying areas for improvement and tailoring the material to the specific needs and concerns of the target audience42.

Although expert validation provides valuable academic and technical evaluation, it does not ensure accessibility, relevance, or usefulness for patients in real-world settings. Therefore, combining expert validation with feedback and direct experience from the target population is crucial to ensuring comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the educational material.

The study analyzed the agreement between experts’and participants’evaluations, revealing a tendency toward agreement, though not strong enough to assert a statistically significant correlation. This lack of correlation suggests the presence of divergent perceptions. While experts tend to evaluate from a technical and structural standpoint, patients prioritize emotional connection, clarity, and practical relevance. This difference highlights the need to balance technical criteria with real user experiences, so that the educational material is truly meaningful in clinical contexts43.

It is essential to highlight the lack of studies validating educational materials aimed at promoting spiritual well-being in oncology patients, which reveals a gap in the literature. This study contributes to partially closing that gap but also calls for future research studies to develop similar resources validated both technically and culturally.

Regarding limitations, validating educational material solely with experts may exclude the user’s perspective, introduce excessive abstraction due to academic specialization, result in insufficient practical validation, reduce sensitivity to cultural and religious aspects, and limit the evaluation of understandability and practical applicability44.

Furthermore, the study focused on a specific and small sample, limiting the generalization of the findings. However, there is no consensus on the ideal number to validate the content of an educational material20. It often depends on the desired level of experience and representation of the panel’s range of knowledge.

Another limitation was the absence of a formal adaptation of the SAM instrument into Spanish. Nevertheless, the instrument’s translation was done with the assistance of an English language professional, ensuring understanding among all participants.

 

Conclusions

The study validated an educational material designed to promote spiritual well-being in oncology patients. The material received high acceptance from the target population. Its development was based on the identified needs and scientific literature, considering strategies to strengthen life purpose, meaning-seeking, inner peace, and the spiritual benefits of emotional and physical health.

Validation with both experts and the target population confirmed that content, illustrations, and cultural appropriateness were rated more positively by the target population compared to the experts. These findings highlight the importance of spiritual health as a key element in the comprehensive care of oncology patients.

The validated material represents a step forward in promoting cancer care by offering an accessible and culturally relevant tool. Its implementation in clinical practice would enable health professionals to effectively address the spiritual dimension of their patients.

Finally, although this study represents an initial contribution, future research should focus on validating instruments such as SAM in Spanish, expanding the sample to diverse clinical settings, and longitudinally assessing the material’s effectiveness in strengthening spiritual well-being. Finally, integrating the spiritual dimension into healthcare training would foster a more humane and person- centered approach.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding: No funding.

Acknowledgments: Thanks to Mg. Lizbeth Alvarado Campos.

 

References

X

Referencias

Organización Mundial de la Salud. Cáncer. OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 2022 Consulta: agosto 29, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer

X

Referencias

Fernández R. El cáncer en el mundo - Datos estadísticos. Statista. 2024. Consulta: agosto 29, 2024. Disponible en: https://es.statista.com/temas/11049/el-cancer-en-el-mundo/

X

Referencias

Sociedad Americana contra el cáncer. Datos y estadísticas sobre el cáncer entre los Hispanos/ Latinos 2018-2020. Atlanta: Sociedad Americana contra el cáncer; 2018. Consulta: agosto 29, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-hispanics-and-latinos/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-hispanics-and-latinos-2018-2020-spanish.pdf

X

Referencias

Swartzman S, Booth JN, Munro A, Sani F. Posttraumatic stress disorder after cancer diagnosis in adults: A meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety. 2017;34(4):327–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22542

X

Referencias

Alfaro Polanco CE, Coto Vides SJ, Mata Hernández KA. Propuesta de programa de cuidados psicológicos paliativos dirigido a pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal que reciben atención en la unidad de hemodiálisis y a sus cuidadores en la Clínica Asistencial El Carmelo del departamento de San Salvador. [Tesis de grado Licenciatura en Psicología]. San Salvador: Universidad de El Salvador; 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14492/27122

X

Referencias

Hernández Mayhua IH, Velásquez Rondón S. Efectos del cuidado espiritual en la ansiedad situacional de pacientes quirúrgicos. Revista Cubana de Enfermería. 2021;37(1). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03192021000100014&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es

X

Referencias

Pilger C, Santos ROP dos, Lentsck MH, Marques S, Kusumota L. Spiritual well-being and quality of life of older adults in hemodialysis. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70:689–96. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0006

X

Referencias

Gutierrez-Rojas A, Manco-Herrera C, Nuñez-Escarcena X, Loayza-Ramirez L, Sanca-Valeriano S, Rodriguez-Pantigoso W, et al. The influence of spirituality on psychological resilience in cancer patients undergoing oncological treatment: a cross-sectional study. BMC Palliative Care. 2025;24:136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-025-01768-5

X

Referencias

Ruiz-Roa SL. Bienestar espiritual de enfermeros de las unidades de cuidado intensivo en pandemia. Rev Cienc Cuidad. 2021;18(2):8–18. https://doi.org/10.22463/17949831.2849

X

Referencias

Rosas-Cervantes E, Valenzuela-Suazo S, Jiménez-González M de J. Trascendencia espiritual, oportunidad de cuidadores informales de personas mayores: revisión integrativa desde la filosofía de Watson. Enfermería: Cuidados Humanizados. 2020;9(2):149–59. http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2393-66062020000200149&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es

X

Referencias

Ramos Menezes R, Yuriko Kameo S, Fernandes dos Santos N. Espiritualidade e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de mulheres com câncer de mama. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2023;37:e47212. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v37.47212

X

Referencias

Alfaro Vargas N, Espinoza Herrera R. Personas mayores en Costa Rica: un acercamiento a las percepciones sobre su calidad de vida. Rev ABRA. 2021;41(63):99–124. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2215-29972021000200099&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es

X

Referencias

Borja Santillán MA, Rincón Ríos T, Santos Jiménez OC, Gurumendi España IE. Uso del material didáctico para la mejora del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en medicina. RECIMUNDO. 2021;5(3):168–87. https://doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/5.(2).julio.2021.168-187

X

Referencias

Feitosa YS, Sampaio LRL, Moraes JT, Moreira TMM, Rolim KMC, Dantas TP, et al. Construction and validation of educational technology to prevent complications in intestinal ostomies / periestomy skin. Rev Bras Enferm. 2020;73:e20190825. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0825

X

Referencias

Gomes ACMS, Sousa MM, Silva MA, Matos SDO, Oliveira SHS. Aplicativo para prevenção de lesão por pressão para cuidadores de idosos. Acta Paul Enferm. 2024;37: eAPE02821. http://dx.doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2024AO0002821

X

Referencias

Sousa CS, Turrini RNT, Poveda VB. Tradução e adaptação do instrumento“suitability assessment of materials”(SAM) para o português. Rev Enf UFPE. 2015;9(5):7854–61. https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v9i5a10534p7854-7861-2015

X

Referencias

Arias-Núñez D, Chavarría-Víquez C, Quesada-Morúa MS. Propuesta de protocolo de dispensación activa de antineoplásicos orales para pacientes de novo en un servicio de farmacia hospitalaria. Pharm Care Esp. 2023;25(5):5–19. https://dx.doi.org/10.60103/phc.v25i5.821

X

Referencias

Doak CC, Doak LG, Root JH. Teaching patients with low literacy skills. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1996;96(12):p16M. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/fulltext/1996/12000/teaching_patients_with_low_literacy_skills.22.aspx

X

Referencias

Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Guía para el diseño, utilización y evaluación de materiales educativos de salud. Washington D.C. 1984 Consulta: agosto 30, 2024. p82. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/3285

X

Referencias

Almanasreh E, Moles R, Chen TF. Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. RSAP. 2019;15(2):214–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066

X

Referencias

Cocio GS, Soto PG. Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. GAMO. 2016;15(3):121–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004

X

Referencias

Nhat Hanh T. Hacia la paz Interior. 1a ed. Ciudad de México, México: Debolsillo; 2021. 144 p.

X

Referencias

Martínez Sánchez JM. Buscando la paz interior: Una guía para el crecimiento espiritual. 1a ed. Michigan, Estados Unidos: Lulu Enterprise; 2008. 138 p.

X

Referencias

Cano Murcia SR, Zea Jiménez M. Manejar las emociones, factor importante en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida. Rev Logos Cienc Tecnol. 2012;4(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.22335/rlct.v4i1.169

X

Referencias

Irurzun JI, Yaccarini C. Resilience, Spirituality and Purpose of Life. A review of the state of the art. PSOCIAL. 2018;4(2):66. https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/psicologiasocial/article/view/58

X

Referencias

Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Yáñez-Alvarado M, Pinto-Santuber C, Letelier-Sanz P, Balboa-Seguel T, Fernández-Pascual MD, et al. Confiabilidad y validez de criterio del cuestionario del sentido de la vida en pacientes chilenos en hemodiálisis crónica. Cienc Enferm. 2018;24(14). http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95532018000100214

X

Referencias

Cole BS, Hopkins CM, Tisak J, Steel JL, Carr BI. Assessing spiritual growth and spiritual decline following a diagnosis of cancer: reliability and validity of the spiritual transformation scale. Psycho- Oncology. 2008;17(2):112–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1207

X

Referencias

Chang MC, Chen YC, Gau BS, Tzeng YF. Translation and Validation of an Instrument for Measuring the Suitability of Health Educational Materials in Taiwan: Suitability Assessment of Materials. J Nurs Res. 2014;22(1). https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000018

X

Referencias

Rathod P, Ould Brahim L, Belzile E, Lambert S. An evaluation of the suitability, readability, and quality of online resources for the self-management of depression. Patient Education and Counseling. 2019;102(5):952–60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.12.021

X

Referencias

Salazar-Arce BC, Pacho-Salinas CY, Condor-Camara DF. Validación de material educativo para promover el bienestar espiritual. Figshare 2024. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27948642

X

Referencias

Hermosilla Ávila A, Sanhueza Alvarado O. Control emocional, felicidad subjetiva y satisfacción vital relacionados al afrontamiento y adaptación en personas con cáncer avanzado. Cienc Enferm. 2015;21(1):11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532015000100002

X

Referencias

Instituto Nacional del Cáncer. La espiritualidad en el tratamiento del cáncer. Consulta: agosto 30, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/sobrellevar/dia-a-dia/fe-y-espiritualidad/espiritualidad-pdq

X

Referencias

Miller M, Meyers M, Krainak K, Lewis SP. Interventions to support spirituality among adults with cancer: a scoping review. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2025;33(8):742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-025-09787-x

X

Referencias

Rodas Mosquera ML. Calidad de vida percibida por pacientes oncológicos en estadio III y IV, del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga. Cuenca. 2018. Rev Fac Cienc Méd Univ Cuenca. 2020;38(1):23–32. https://doi.org/10.18537/RFCM.38.01.05

X

Referencias

Barrera TL, Zeno D, Bush AL, Barber CR, Stanley MA. Integrating Religion and Spirituality Into Treatment for Late-Life Anxiety: Three Case Studies. Cogn Behav Pract. 2012;19(2):346–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.05.007

X

Referencias

Nkoana S, Sodi T, Makgahlela M, Mokwena J. Cancer Survivorship: Religion in Meaning Making and Coping Among a Group of Black Prostate Cancer Patients in South Africa. J Relig Health. 2022;61:1390–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01406-3

X

Referencias

Flores FA, Sánchez JE, Chan- Te- Nez AF. La producción de materiales didácticos desde perspectivas en confluencia: diseño gráfico y TPCK. Cienc docencia tecnol. 2022;33(64). https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=14570386001

X

Referencias

Puetate Almeida SS. Diseño de un texto didáctico ilustrado sobre mitos y leyendas tradicionales en la ciudad de Otavalo, para estudiantes de nivel escolar [Tesis de grado Diseñador Gráfico] Quito, Ecuador: Universidad Tecnológica Israel; 2014. http://repositorio.uisrael.edu.ec/bitstream/47000/1103/1/UISRAEL%20-%20EC-DIS%20-%20378.242%20-%2085.pdf#page=126.61

X

Referencias

López Marí M, Sánchez Cruz M, Peirats Chacón J. Los recursos educativos digitales en la atención a la diversidad en educación infantil. Int Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation. 2021;7(2):99–109. https://doi.org/10.24310/innoeduca.2021.v7i2.12256

X

Referencias

Maya Rivero A, Rubio Toledo MA. Gerontodiseño: Nueve estrategias de diseño sostenible para adultos mayores. Rev Interiorgráfico. 2017;17(1). Disponible en: https://interiorgrafico.com/edicion/decimo-septima-edicion-diciembre-2017/gerontodiseno-nueve-estrategias-de-diseno-sostenible-para-adultos-mayores

X

Referencias

Canul Tamay NM, Barradas Castillo M del R, Lendechy Grajales ÁC, Pavía Carrillo EF. Validación de materiales didácticos sobre alimentación saludable en el sur de Yucatán. RESPYN. 2022;21(1):19–27. https://doi.org/10.29105/respyn21.1-3

X

Referencias

Navarro Rubio MD, Gálvez Hernández P, González De Paz L, Virumbrales Cancio M, Borrás Santos A, Santesmases-Masana R, et al. Desarrollo de materiales educativos para pacientes crónicos y familiares. Educ Med. 2019;20(6):341–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2018.03.020

X

Referencias

Silva CSG, Lisboa SD, Santos LM dos, Carvalho ES de S, Passos S da SS, Santos SSB da S. Elaboração e validação de conteúdo e aparência da cartilha “Punção venosa periférica para a família”. Revista Cuidarte. 2019;10(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v10i3.830

X

Referencias

Herrera Masó JR, Calero Ricardo JL, González Rangel MÁ, Collazo Ramos MI, Travieso González Y. El método de consulta a expertos en tres niveles de validación. Rev Haban Cienc Méd. 2022;21(1). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1729-519X2022000100014&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en

X

Referencias

  1. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Cáncer. OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 2022 Consulta: agosto 29, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer

  2. Fernández R. El cáncer en el mundo - Datos estadísticos. Statista. 2024. Consulta: agosto 29, 2024. Disponible en: https://es.statista.com/temas/11049/el-cancer-en-el-mundo/

  3. Sociedad Americana contra el cáncer. Datos y estadísticas sobre el cáncer entre los Hispanos/ Latinos 2018-2020. Atlanta: Sociedad Americana contra el cáncer; 2018. Consulta: agosto 29, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-hispanics-and-latinos/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-hispanics-and-latinos-2018-2020-spanish.pdf

  4. Swartzman S, Booth JN, Munro A, Sani F. Posttraumatic stress disorder after cancer diagnosis in adults: A meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety. 2017;34(4):327–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22542

  5. Alfaro Polanco CE, Coto Vides SJ, Mata Hernández KA. Propuesta de programa de cuidados psicológicos paliativos dirigido a pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal que reciben atención en la unidad de hemodiálisis y a sus cuidadores en la Clínica Asistencial El Carmelo del departamento de San Salvador. [Tesis de grado Licenciatura en Psicología]. San Salvador: Universidad de El Salvador; 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14492/27122

  6. Hernández Mayhua IH, Velásquez Rondón S. Efectos del cuidado espiritual en la ansiedad situacional de pacientes quirúrgicos. Revista Cubana de Enfermería. 2021;37(1). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03192021000100014&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es

  7. Pilger C, Santos ROP dos, Lentsck MH, Marques S, Kusumota L. Spiritual well-being and quality of life of older adults in hemodialysis. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70:689–96. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0006

  8. Gutierrez-Rojas A, Manco-Herrera C, Nuñez-Escarcena X, Loayza-Ramirez L, Sanca-Valeriano S, Rodriguez-Pantigoso W, et al. The influence of spirituality on psychological resilience in cancer patients undergoing oncological treatment: a cross-sectional study. BMC Palliative Care. 2025;24:136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-025-01768-5

  9. Ruiz-Roa SL. Bienestar espiritual de enfermeros de las unidades de cuidado intensivo en pandemia. Rev Cienc Cuidad. 2021;18(2):8–18. https://doi.org/10.22463/17949831.2849

  10. Rosas-Cervantes E, Valenzuela-Suazo S, Jiménez-González M de J. Trascendencia espiritual, oportunidad de cuidadores informales de personas mayores: revisión integrativa desde la filosofía de Watson. Enfermería: Cuidados Humanizados. 2020;9(2):149–59. http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2393-66062020000200149&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es

  11. Ramos Menezes R, Yuriko Kameo S, Fernandes dos Santos N. Espiritualidade e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de mulheres com câncer de mama. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2023;37:e47212. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v37.47212

  12. Alfaro Vargas N, Espinoza Herrera R. Personas mayores en Costa Rica: un acercamiento a las percepciones sobre su calidad de vida. Rev ABRA. 2021;41(63):99–124. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2215-29972021000200099&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es

  13. Borja Santillán MA, Rincón Ríos T, Santos Jiménez OC, Gurumendi España IE. Uso del material didáctico para la mejora del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en medicina. RECIMUNDO. 2021;5(3):168–87. https://doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/5.(2).julio.2021.168-187

  14. Feitosa YS, Sampaio LRL, Moraes JT, Moreira TMM, Rolim KMC, Dantas TP, et al. Construction and validation of educational technology to prevent complications in intestinal ostomies / periestomy skin. Rev Bras Enferm. 2020;73:e20190825. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0825

  15. Gomes ACMS, Sousa MM, Silva MA, Matos SDO, Oliveira SHS. Aplicativo para prevenção de lesão por pressão para cuidadores de idosos. Acta Paul Enferm. 2024;37: eAPE02821. http://dx.doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2024AO0002821

  16. Sousa CS, Turrini RNT, Poveda VB. Tradução e adaptação do instrumento“suitability assessment of materials”(SAM) para o português. Rev Enf UFPE. 2015;9(5):7854–61. https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v9i5a10534p7854-7861-2015

  17. Arias-Núñez D, Chavarría-Víquez C, Quesada-Morúa MS. Propuesta de protocolo de dispensación activa de antineoplásicos orales para pacientes de novo en un servicio de farmacia hospitalaria. Pharm Care Esp. 2023;25(5):5–19. https://dx.doi.org/10.60103/phc.v25i5.821

  18. Doak CC, Doak LG, Root JH. Teaching patients with low literacy skills. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1996;96(12):p16M. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/fulltext/1996/12000/teaching_patients_with_low_literacy_skills.22.aspx

  19. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Guía para el diseño, utilización y evaluación de materiales educativos de salud. Washington D.C. 1984 Consulta: agosto 30, 2024. p82. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/3285

  20. Almanasreh E, Moles R, Chen TF. Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. RSAP. 2019;15(2):214–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066

  21. Cocio GS, Soto PG. Validación del test Meaning in Life Scale (MILS) modificado para evaluar la dimensión espiritual en población chilena y latinoamericana con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. GAMO. 2016;15(3):121–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.004

  22. Nhat Hanh T. Hacia la paz Interior. 1a ed. Ciudad de México, México: Debolsillo; 2021. 144 p.

  23. Martínez Sánchez JM. Buscando la paz interior: Una guía para el crecimiento espiritual. 1a ed. Michigan, Estados Unidos: Lulu Enterprise; 2008. 138 p.

  24. Cano Murcia SR, Zea Jiménez M. Manejar las emociones, factor importante en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida. Rev Logos Cienc Tecnol. 2012;4(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.22335/rlct.v4i1.169

  25. Irurzun JI, Yaccarini C. Resilience, Spirituality and Purpose of Life. A review of the state of the art. PSOCIAL. 2018;4(2):66. https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/psicologiasocial/article/view/58

  26. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Yáñez-Alvarado M, Pinto-Santuber C, Letelier-Sanz P, Balboa-Seguel T, Fernández-Pascual MD, et al. Confiabilidad y validez de criterio del cuestionario del sentido de la vida en pacientes chilenos en hemodiálisis crónica. Cienc Enferm. 2018;24(14). http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95532018000100214

  27. Cole BS, Hopkins CM, Tisak J, Steel JL, Carr BI. Assessing spiritual growth and spiritual decline following a diagnosis of cancer: reliability and validity of the spiritual transformation scale. Psycho- Oncology. 2008;17(2):112–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1207

  28. Chang MC, Chen YC, Gau BS, Tzeng YF. Translation and Validation of an Instrument for Measuring the Suitability of Health Educational Materials in Taiwan: Suitability Assessment of Materials. J Nurs Res. 2014;22(1). https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000018

  29. Rathod P, Ould Brahim L, Belzile E, Lambert S. An evaluation of the suitability, readability, and quality of online resources for the self-management of depression. Patient Education and Counseling. 2019;102(5):952–60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.12.021

  30. Salazar-Arce BC, Pacho-Salinas CY, Condor-Camara DF. Validación de material educativo para promover el bienestar espiritual. Figshare 2024. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27948642

  31. Hermosilla Ávila A, Sanhueza Alvarado O. Control emocional, felicidad subjetiva y satisfacción vital relacionados al afrontamiento y adaptación en personas con cáncer avanzado. Cienc Enferm. 2015;21(1):11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95532015000100002

  32. Instituto Nacional del Cáncer. La espiritualidad en el tratamiento del cáncer. Consulta: agosto 30, 2024. Disponible en: https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/sobrellevar/dia-a-dia/fe-y-espiritualidad/espiritualidad-pdq

  33. Miller M, Meyers M, Krainak K, Lewis SP. Interventions to support spirituality among adults with cancer: a scoping review. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2025;33(8):742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-025-09787-x

  34. Rodas Mosquera ML. Calidad de vida percibida por pacientes oncológicos en estadio III y IV, del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga. Cuenca. 2018. Rev Fac Cienc Méd Univ Cuenca. 2020;38(1):23–32. https://doi.org/10.18537/RFCM.38.01.05

  35. Barrera TL, Zeno D, Bush AL, Barber CR, Stanley MA. Integrating Religion and Spirituality Into Treatment for Late-Life Anxiety: Three Case Studies. Cogn Behav Pract. 2012;19(2):346–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.05.007

  36. Nkoana S, Sodi T, Makgahlela M, Mokwena J. Cancer Survivorship: Religion in Meaning Making and Coping Among a Group of Black Prostate Cancer Patients in South Africa. J Relig Health. 2022;61:1390–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01406-3

  37. Flores FA, Sánchez JE, Chan- Te- Nez AF. La producción de materiales didácticos desde perspectivas en confluencia: diseño gráfico y TPCK. Cienc docencia tecnol. 2022;33(64). https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=14570386001

  38. Puetate Almeida SS. Diseño de un texto didáctico ilustrado sobre mitos y leyendas tradicionales en la ciudad de Otavalo, para estudiantes de nivel escolar [Tesis de grado Diseñador Gráfico] Quito, Ecuador: Universidad Tecnológica Israel; 2014. http://repositorio.uisrael.edu.ec/bitstream/47000/1103/1/UISRAEL%20-%20EC-DIS%20-%20378.242%20-%2085.pdf#page=126.61

  39. López Marí M, Sánchez Cruz M, Peirats Chacón J. Los recursos educativos digitales en la atención a la diversidad en educación infantil. Int Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation. 2021;7(2):99–109. https://doi.org/10.24310/innoeduca.2021.v7i2.12256

  40. Maya Rivero A, Rubio Toledo MA. Gerontodiseño: Nueve estrategias de diseño sostenible para adultos mayores. Rev Interiorgráfico. 2017;17(1). Disponible en: https://interiorgrafico.com/edicion/decimo-septima-edicion-diciembre-2017/gerontodiseno-nueve-estrategias-de-diseno-sostenible-para-adultos-mayores

  41. Canul Tamay NM, Barradas Castillo M del R, Lendechy Grajales ÁC, Pavía Carrillo EF. Validación de materiales didácticos sobre alimentación saludable en el sur de Yucatán. RESPYN. 2022;21(1):19–27. https://doi.org/10.29105/respyn21.1-3

  42. Navarro Rubio MD, Gálvez Hernández P, González De Paz L, Virumbrales Cancio M, Borrás Santos A, Santesmases-Masana R, et al. Desarrollo de materiales educativos para pacientes crónicos y familiares. Educ Med. 2019;20(6):341–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2018.03.020

  43. Silva CSG, Lisboa SD, Santos LM dos, Carvalho ES de S, Passos S da SS, Santos SSB da S. Elaboração e validação de conteúdo e aparência da cartilha “Punção venosa periférica para a família”. Revista Cuidarte. 2019;10(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.v10i3.830

  44. Herrera Masó JR, Calero Ricardo JL, González Rangel MÁ, Collazo Ramos MI, Travieso González Y. El método de consulta a expertos en tres niveles de validación. Rev Haban Cienc Méd. 2022;21(1). http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1729-519X2022000100014&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en