Fragilidad social en las personas mayores: Un análisis de concepto
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4939Palabras clave:
Fragilidad, Gerontología, Persona Mayor, Revisión Sistemática, Salud de la Persona MayorResumen
Highlights
- La fragilidad social es un concepto en evolución; es crucial avanzar en su evaluación en personas mayores para identificarla tempranamente y así implementar medidas preventivas efectivas.
- La fragilidad social está relacionada con un mayor riesgo de síntomas depresivos, deterioro cognitivo, fragilidad física y discapacidad, influyendo negativamente en la salud de las personas mayores.
- La fragilidad social está asociada a factores socioeconómicos, como dificultades económicas, soledad y la falta de participación en actividades sociales, que aumentan el riesgo de deterioro físico y psicológico en las personas mayores.
- Diversos cuestionarios evalúan la fragilidad social en personas mayores, considerando interacción social, apoyo familiar y capacidad para cubrir necesidades sociales básicas, en contextos de investigación.
Introducción: La fragilidad social es un concepto multidimensional que incluye recursos generales y sociales, actividades y satisfacción de necesidades; comprenderla y evaluarla permite orientar intervenciones en personas mayores. Objetivo: Clarificar el concepto de fragilidad social en personas mayores para mejorar su aplicación en investigación, práctica clínica y educación. Materiales y Métodos: Se empleó el método de Walker y Avant para analizar la fragilidad social en personas mayores, siguiendo etapas como la selección del concepto, definición del propósito, identificación de usos, atributos y casos relacionados. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas en PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science y CINAHL, así como búsquedas manuales en referencias y diccionarios. Resultados: La fragilidad social en personas mayores se define principalmente como la pérdida de recursos sociales, habilidades para satisfacer necesidades sociales básicas y participación en actividades significativas, como mantener relaciones cercanas, realizar voluntariado, tener una ocupación (remunerada o no), participar en actividades religiosas o comunitarias. Factores como la soledad, el aislamiento y la falta de apoyo social se asocian con efectos negativos en la salud. Discusión: La fragilidad social requiere ser abordada desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria. Los profesionales de la salud deben desempeñar un rol activo en su identificación y en la implementación de estrategias comunitarias, programas psicosociales y redes de apoyo que fortalezcan la inclusión y el vínculo social, contribuyendo a la prevención del deterioro funcional y emocional. Conclusión: La fragilidad social afecta la salud física, mental y emocional de personas mayores, resaltando la necesidad de políticas públicas inclusivas, preventivas y centradas en el cuidado.
Como citar este artículo: Rojas-Avila Javier, Araya Alejandra Ximena, Pinilla Carrasco Nicole. Fragilidad social en las personas mayores: un análisis de concepto. Revista Cuidarte. 2025;16(3):e4939. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4939
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