Evolution, mechanism of action, and clinical applications of three generations of Antihistamines

Maria Zofia Lisiecka

doi:10.15649/2346075X.3651

Autores/as

Maria Zofia Lisiecka National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15649/2346075X.3651

Palabras clave:

Alérgico, Rinitis, Asma, Receptores H1, Alergias, Efecto sedante

Resumen

Introducción. Esta revisión analiza la evolución, mecanismos de acción y aplicaciones clínicas de tres generaciones de antihistamínicos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos como PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science y Scopus, utilizando términos clave y términos MeSH, abarcando literatura científica publicada entre 1985 y 2023. Resultados y discusión: El estudio revela que el desarrollo de antihistamínicos se originó en la investigación de los mecanismos de anafilaxia y alergia, identificando la histamina como mediador clave. Esto condujo a la síntesis de sustancias antihistamínicas y al surgimiento de tres generaciones de fármacos. Estos fármacos bloquean los receptores H1 de histamina para aliviar los síntomas alérgicos. La primera generación, aunque eficaz, presenta efectos secundarios como sedación debido a su acción no selectiva. Las generaciones posteriores, más selectivas para los receptores H1 periféricos, ofrecen mejor perfil de seguridad. La tercera generación, como metabolitos activos de la segunda, destaca por su eficacia y seguridad. Los antihistamínicos de primera generación se utilizan en situaciones agudas y para alergias locales, mientras que los de segunda y tercera generación son preferidos para la rinitis alérgica estacional y crónica. Conclusiones: La importancia del estudio radica en la posible aplicación de sus resultados en la práctica clínica de los alergólogos.

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