Sleep quality and job satisfaction in Spanish nurses: the consequences of COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3452Keywords:
COVID-19, Sleep, Sleep Hygiene, Job Satisfaction, NursingAbstract
Highlights
- This study reveals that Spanish nurses have significantly poor sleep quality post-COVID-19, with a mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score of 9.75.
- Factors such as not having dependents and having a master's degree were linked to poor sleep quality among the nurses surveyed.
- Job satisfaction was the highest among female nurses and those not working with COVID-19 patients, indicating that sex and work conditions influenced satisfaction levels.
- Improving nurse-to-patient ratios and shift distributions are crucial for enhancing sleep quality and reducing stress and burnout among nurses.
Introduction: Sleep is fundamental to the quality of life and can affect individuals' well-being and mental health. Objective: This study analyzed sleep quality and job satisfaction among Spanish nurses following the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Font Roja Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, and sociodemographic and work-related variables. A “snowball” sampling method was employed through social media dissemination. Results: The mean PSQI score was 9.75 ± 4,36 points. The poorest sleep quality was identified in participants without dependents (p=0.031; β=3.329; 95% CI=0.035-6.354) and those with dependents other than children (p=0.022; β=4.121; 95% CI=0.575-7.667). However, having a Ph.D degree (p=0.001; β=-3.406; 95% CI=-5.503-1.309) or specialist degree (p=0.021; β=-1.639; 95% CI=-3.031- -0.247) was associated with better sleep quality. Higher job satisfaction was found among women (p=0.034; β=0.104; 95% CI=0.007-0.201) who did not work with COVID-19 patients (p=0.049; β=-0.085; 95% CI=-0.174- -0.003). Discussion: Improving working conditions, such as the nurse-to-patient ratio and distribution of work shifts, is crucial to enhancing nurses' sleep quality. Conclusions: Spanish nurses reported poor sleep quality. Not having dependents or having dependents other than children were risk factors for poor sleep quality. Job satisfaction was higher among women who did not work with COVID-19 patients. No relationship was found between job satisfaction and sleep quality.
How to cite this article: Maestro-González Alba, Zuazua-Rico David, Juan-García Carmen, Villalgordo-García Salvador, Mosteiro-Díaz María Pilar, Plaza-Carmona María. Sleep quality and job satisfaction in Spanish nurses: the consequences of COVID-19. Revista Cuidarte. 2024;15(2):e3452. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3452
References
Booker LA, Fitzgerald J, Mills J, Bish M, Spong J, Deacon-Crouch M, et al. Sleep and fatigue management strategies: How nurses, midwives and paramedics cope with their shift work schedules—a qualitative study. Nurs Open. 2024;11(1):e2099. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.2099
Bae SH. Noneconomic and economic impacts of nurse turnover in hospitals: A systematic review. Int Nurs Rev. 2022;69(3):392-404https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12769
Barion A, Zee PC. A clinical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med. 2007;8(6):566-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.017
Booker LA, Barnes M, Alvaro P, Collins A, Chai-Coetzer CL, McMahon M, et al. The role of sleep hygiene in the risk of Shift Work Disorder in nurses. Sleep. 2019;43(2)zsz228. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz228
Brown JP, Martin D, Nagaria Z, Verceles AC, Jobe SL, Wickwire EM. Mental Health Consequences of Shift Work: An Updated Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020;22(2):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-1131-z
Kecklund G, Axelsson J. Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep. BMJ. 2016;355:i5210. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5210
Membrive-Jiménez MJ, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Suleiman-Martos N, Velando-Soriano A, Ariza T, De la Fuente-Solana EI, et al. Relation between Burnout and Sleep Problems in Nurses: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2022;10(5):954. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050954
García-Tudela Á, Simonelli-Muñoz AJ, Rivera-Caravaca JM, Fortea MI, Simón-Sánchez L, González-Moro MTR, et al. Stress in Emergency Healthcare Professionals: The Stress Factors and Manifestations Scale. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):4342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074342
McDowall K, Murphy E, Anderson K. The impact of shift work on sleep quality among nurses. Occup Med (Lond). 2017;67(8):621-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqx152
Roman P, Perez-Cayuela I, Gil-Hernández E, Rodriguez-Arrastia M, Aparicio-Mota A, Ropero-Padilla C, et al. Influence of Shift Work on The Health of Nursing Professionals. J Pers Med. 2023;13(4):627. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040627
Shi H, Huang T, Schernhammer ES, Sun Q, Wang M. Rotating Night Shift Work and Healthy Aging After 24 Years of Follow-up in the Nurses’ Health Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2210450. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.10450
Proper KI, Van De Langenberg D, Rodenburg W, Vermeulen RCH, Van Der Beek AJ, Van Steeg H, et al. The Relationship Between Shift Work and Metabolic Risk Factors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016;50(5):e147-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.013
Hwang SK, Lee YJ, Cho ME, Kim BK, Yoon YI. Factors Associated with Gastrointestinal Symptoms among Rotating Shift Nurses in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(16):9795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169795
Lozano-Lorca M, Olmedo-Requena R, Vega-Galindo MV, Vázquez-Alonso F, Jiménez-Pacheco A, Salcedo-Bellido I, et al. Night Shift Work, Chronotype, Sleep Duration, and Prostate Cancer Risk: CAPLIFE Study. IJERPH. 2020;17(17):6300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176300
Alfonsi V. Sleep deprivation provokes aberrant dynamic brain activity and memory decline among night shift nurses. Evid Based Nurs. 2023;26(2):71.https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2022-103648
Suleiman K, Hijazi Z, Al Kalaldeh M, Abu Sharour L. Quality of nursing work life and related factors among emergency nurses in Jordan. Jrnl of Occup Health. 2019;61(5):398-406. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12068
Rajcani J, Vytykacova S, Solarikova P, Brezina I. Stress and hair cortisol concentrations in nurses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;129:105245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105245
Tosun A, Tosun H, Ödül Özkaya B, Erdoğan Z, Gül A. Sleep Quality and Depression Level in Nurses in COVID-19. Pandemic. Omega (Westport). 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221123159
Krishnamoorthy Y, Nagarajan R, Saya GK, Menon V. Prevalence of psychological morbidities among general population, healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113382
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Fifth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Macías-Fernández J, Royuela-Rico A. La versión española del índice de calidad del sueño de Pittburgh. Informaciones psiquiátricas. 1996;14(4):465-72. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angel_Royuela/publication/258513992_La_version_espanola_del_Indice_de_Calidad_de_Sueno_de_Pittsburgh/links/0c96052876d26b1b3b000000/La-version-espanola-del-Indice-de-Calidad-de-Sueno-de-Pittsburgh.pdf
Núñez-González E, Estévez-Guerra G, Hernández-Marrero P, Marrero-Medina C. Una propuesta destinada a complementar el cuestionario Font-Roja de satisfacción laboral. Gac Sanit. 2007;21(2):136-41. https://doi.org/10.1157/13101040
Maestro-González A, Zuazua-Rico D, Juan-García C, Villalgordo-García S, Mosteiro-Díaz MP, Plaza-Carmona M. Sleep quality and job satisfaction in Spanish nurses: the consequences of COVID-19. Zenodo; 2023.https://zenodo.org/records/8420660
World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Childress JF, Meslin EM, Shapiro HT. Belmont revisited: ethical principles for research with human subjects. Washington (D.C.): Georgetown University press; 2005.
Ehni HJ, Wiesing U. Research ethics for a globalised world: the revised CIOMS international guidelines. Indian J Med Ethics. 2017;2(3):165-168. https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2017.046
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research. 1989;28(2):193-213.https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
Alfonsi V, Scarpelli S, Gorgoni M, Couyoumdjian A, Rosiello F, Sandroni C, et al. Healthcare Workers after Two Years of COVID-19: The Consequences of the Pandemic on Psychological Health and Sleep among Nurses and Physicians. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021410
Bilgiç Ş, Çelikkalp Ü, Mısırlı C. Stress level and sleep quality of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. WOR. 2021;70(4):1021-9.https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-210538
Boned-Galán Á, López-Ibort N, Gascón-Catalán A. Sleep disturbances in nurse managers during the early and late stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2022;13:1070355. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070355
Pataka A, Kotoulas S, Tzinas A, Kasnaki N, Sourla E, Chatzopoulos E, et al. Sleep Disorders and Mental Stress of Healthcare Workers during the Two First Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic: Separate Analysis for Primary Care. Healthcare (Basel) 2022;10(8):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081395
Norful AA, Haghighi F, Shechter A. Assessing sleep health dimensions in frontline registered nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for psychological health and wellbeing. SLEEP Advances. 2023;4(1):zpac046. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac046
Wang B, Lu Q, Sun F, Zhang R. The relationship between sleep quality and psychological distress and job burnout among Chinese psychiatric nurses. Ind Health. 2021;59(6):427-35. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2020-0249
Lyu X, Li K, Liu Q, Wang X, Yang Z, Yang Y, et al. Sleep status of psychiatric nurses: A survey from China. Nurs Open. 2022;9(6):2720-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.972
Proserpio P, Zambrelli E, Lanza A, Dominese A, Di Giacomo R, Quintas R, et al. Sleep disorders and mental health in hospital workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional multicenter study in Northern Italy. Neurol Sci. 2022;43(4):2241-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05813-y
Maestro-Gonzalez A, Sánchez-Zaballos M, Mosteiro-Díaz MP, Zuazua-Rico D. Quality of sleep among social media users during the lockdown period due to COVID-19 in Spain. Sleep Medicine. 2021;80:210-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.050
García‐Tudela Á, Simonelli‐Muñoz AJ, Gallego‐Gómez JI, Rivera‐Caravaca JM. Impact of the COVID ‐19 pandemic on stress and sleep in emergency room professionals. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2023;32(15-16):5037-5045. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16738
Moreno-Casbas MT, Alonso-Poncelas E, Gómez-García T, Martínez-Madrid MJ, Escobar-Aguilar G. Perception of the quality of care, work environment and sleep characteristics of nurses working in the National Health System. Enfermería Clínica (English Edition). 2018;28(4):230-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcle.2018.01.003
Suleiman K, Hijazi Z, Kalaldeh MA, Sharour LA. Factors Associated with Sleep Quality Among Emergency Nurses in Jordan. Sleep Vigilance. 2020;4(1):11-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41782-019-00082-4
Martin-Rodriguez LS, Escalda-Hernandez P, Soto-Ruiz N, Ferraz-Torres M, Rodriguez-Matesanz I, Garcia-Vivar C. Mental health of Spanish nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Int Nurs Rev. 2022;69(4):538-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12764
Senol V, Soyuer F, Guleser GN, Argun M, Avsarogullari L. The Effects of the Sleep Quality of 112 Emergency Health Workers in Kayseri, Turkey on Their Professional Life. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2014;14(4):172-178. https://doi.org/10.5505/1304.7361.2014.60437
Kang J, Noh W, Lee Y. Sleep quality among shift-work nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Applied Nursing Research. 2020;52:151227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2019.151227
Bagheri Hosseinabadi M, Ebrahimi MH, Khanjani N, Biganeh J, Mohammadi S, Abdolahfard M. The effects of amplitude and stability of circadian rhythm and occupational stress on burnout syndrome and job dissatisfaction among irregular shift working nurses. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(9-10):1868-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14778
Giorgi F, Mattei A, Notarnicola I, Petrucci C, Lancia L. Can sleep quality and burnout affect the job performance of shift-work nurses? A hospital cross-sectional study. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74(3):698-708. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13484
Meneguin S, Ignácio I, Pollo CF, Honório HM, Patini MSG, de Oliveira C. Burnout and quality of life in nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Nurs. 2023;22(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-01168-7
Olagunju AT, Bioku AA, Olagunju TO, Sarimiye FO, Onwuameze OE, Halbreich U. Psychological distress and sleep problems in healthcare workers in a developing context during COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for workplace wellbeing. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2021;110:110292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110292
Rahnavard F, Sadati AK, Hemmati S, Ebrahimzade N, Sarikhani Y, Heydari ST, et al. The impact of environmental and demographic factors on nursing job satisfaction. Electron Physician. 2018;10(4):6712-7. https://doi.org/10.19082/6712
Rouxel G, Michinov E, Dodeler V. The influence of work characteristics, emotional display rules and affectivity on burnout and job satisfaction: A survey among geriatric care workers. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;62:81-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.07.010
Toscano F, Tommasi F, Giusino D. Burnout in Intensive Care Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review on Its Prevalence and Risk and Protective Factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912914
Petrino R, Riesgo LGC, Yilmaz B. Burnout in emergency medicine professionals after 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: a threat to the healthcare system? Eur J Emerg Med. 2022;29(4):279-284.https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000952
de Pinho LG, Sampaio F, Sequeira C, Teixeira L, Fonseca C, Lopes MJ. Portuguese Nurses’ Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Reduction Strategies during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7):3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073490
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
Altmetrics
Downloads
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Cuidarte
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Journal Cuidarte, scientific publication of open access, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Any other form of use such as reproduction, transformation, public communication or distribution, for profit, requires the prior authorization of the University of Santander UDES.
The names and e-mail addresses entered in the Journal Cuidarte will be used exclusively for the purposes stated by this magazine and will not be available for any other purpose or other person.
The articles published in the Journal Cuidarte represent the criteria of their authors and do not necessarily constitute the official opinion of the University of Santander UDES.
