Diagnosis and validation of an instrument on university students' perceptions ofArtificial Intelligence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15649/2346030X.4274Keywords:
attitudes, validation, students, artificial intelligenceAbstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a powerful tool with the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of educational processes. To achieve successful integration, its incorporation must be gradual and supported by the development of digital competencies and an adequate disposition for its implementation. The objective of this research is to diagnose the perception towards AI and validate the “Student Attitudes towards AI” scale, using a sample of university students. It is a quantitative, correlational, non-experimental and transversal study. The variable attitude towards AI and its dimensions are evaluated: cognitive, affective and behavioral. Validation is carried out through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis with a sample of 367 university students. In addition, associations between sociodemographic variables and attitude towards AI are presented. The version translated and adapted to Mexican Spanish of the instrument by Suh and Ahn (2022) demonstrated internal consistency and construct validity. The results indicate positive levels towards the use of AI; However, some rejection persists due to the perception of insufficient skills for its management. Being in the last grades of the educational program, working, and the more frequent use of ICT are associated with more positive attitudes towards these technologies. Finally, students express concern about the possible loss of communication and interaction with their teachers. It is considered that the training of digital skills, with an emphasis on digital citizenship and ethics, will be essential to eliminate concerns and harness the full potential of AI in education.
References
[1] Hwang, G., Xie, H., Wah, B. W., & Gašević, D. “Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of Artificial Intelligence in Education”, Comput. Educ.: Artif. Intel., 1, 100001, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001.
[2] Moreno, R.D. “La llegada de la Inteligencia Artificial a la educación”. RITI. Journal. 7(14), 260-270. 2019. https://doi.org/10.36825/RITI.07.14.022.
[3] Kim, S. W. & Lee, Y. “Investigation into the Influence of Socio-Cultural Factors on Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence”. Educ Inf Technol., 29, 9907–9935, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12172-y.
[4] González, R.A. & Silveira, M.H. “Educación e Inteligencia Artificial”. EDUTEC, 82, 59-77, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21556/edutec.2022.82.2633.
[5] Ayusto-del-Puerto, D. & Gutiérrez-Estéban, P. “La Inteligencia Artificial como Recurso Educativo durante la formación inicial del profesorado”. RIED. 25(2), 346-358, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5944/ried.25.2.323320.
[6] Wang, T. & Cheng, E.C.K. “An investigation of barriers to Hong Kong K-12 schools incorporating Artificial Intelligence in education”. Comput. Educ.: Artif. Intell, 2, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100031.
[7] Mena-Guacas, A.F., Vázquez-Cano, E., Fernández-Márquez, E., & López-Meneses, E. “La Inteligencia Artificial y su producción científica en el campo de la educación”. Form Univ., 17(1), 155-164. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50062024000100155
[8] Suh, W. & Ahn, S. “Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Student Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence”. SAGE Open, 12(2), 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221100463.
[9] Torres-Cruz, F. & Yucra-Mamani, Y.J. “Técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial en la valoración de la enseñanza virtual por estudiantes de nivel universitario”. International Humanities Review. 11(4), 1-11, 2022, https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.3853.
[10] Schepman, A. & Rodway, P. “Initial validation of the general attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale”, Comput. Hum. Behav. Rep., 1, 100014, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100014.
[11] Pinto dos Santos, D., Giese, D., Brodehl, S., Chon, S. H., Staab, W., Kleinert, R., Maintz, D. & Baeßler, B. “Medical students' attitude towards artificial intelligence: a multicentre survey”. Eur Radiol, 29, 1640–1646, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5601-1.
[12] Yüzbaşıoğlu, E. “Attitudes and perceptions of dental students towards artificial intelligence”. J Dent Educ. 85, 60–68, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12385.
[13] Mousavi Baigi, S. F., Sarbaz, M., Ghaddaripouri, K., Ghaddaripouri, M., Mousavi, A. S., & Kimiafar, K. “Attitudes, knowledge, and skills towards artificial intelligence among healthcare students: a systematic review”. Health Sci Rep., 6(3), e1138, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1138.
[14] Lukić, A., Kudelić, N., Antičević, V., Lazić-Mosler, E., Glunčić, V., Hren, D., & Lukić, I. K. “First-year nursing students’ attitudes towards artificial intelligence: Cross-sectional multi-center study”, Nurse Educ. Pract., 71, 103735, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103735.
[15] Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. “Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior”. Prentice Hall. 1980.
[16] Ajzen, I. “The theory of planned behavior”, Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process., 50(2), 179-211, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
[17] Sanabria-Navarro, J., Silveira-Pérez, Y., Pérez-Bravo, D., & Cortina-Núñez, J.M. “Incidencias de la Inteligencia Artificial en la Educación Contemporánea”. Comunicar, 77(31), 97-107, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3916/C77-2023-08.
[18] Delgado de Frutos, N., Campo-Carrasco, L., Sainz de la Maza, M. & Extabe-Urbieta, J. M. “Aplicación de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en Educación: Los beneficios y limitaciones de la IA percibidos por el profesorado de educación primaria, educación secundaria y educación superior”. Rev. Electron. Interuniv. Form. Profr., 27(1), 207-224, 2024. https://doi.org/10.6018/reifop.577211.
[19] Shin, S., Ha, M., & Lee, J.K. “Exploring elementary school students’ image of artificial intelligence.” J. Elem. Sci. Educ., 37(2), 126–146, 2018. https://doi.org/10.15267/keses.2018.37.2.126.
[20] Glikson, E., & Woolley, A. W. “Human Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Review of Empirical Research”. Acad. Manag. Ann., 14(2), 2020. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0057.
[21] Valencia, A.T. & Figueroa, R.E. Incidencia de la Inteligencia Artificial en la Educación. Revista Educatio Siglo XXI, 41(3), 235-264, 2023. https://doi.org/10.6018/educatio.555681.
[22] Andión, M. y Cárdenas, D.I. “Convivir con Inteligencias Artificiales en la Educación Superior. Retos y Estrategias”. Perfiles Educativos, 45, 56-69, 2023. https://doi.org/10.22201/iisue.24486167e.2023.Especial.61691.
[23] Pokrivcakova, S. “Teacher trainees´ attitudes towards integrating chatbots into foreign language classes”, En Proceedings of the 16th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, 8294-8302, 7-8, marzo 2022. https://library.iated.org/view/POKRIVCAKOVA2022TEA.
[24] Reichheld, F. F. “The One Number You Need to Grow”. Harv. Bus. Rev., 12, 2003. https://hbr.org/2003/12/the-one-number-you-need-to-grow.
[25] Kaufmann, E. “Algorithm appreciation or aversion? Comparing in-service and pre-service teachers’ acceptance of computerized expert models”. Comput. Educ.: Artif. Intel., 2, 100028, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100028.
[26] Berger, B., Adam, M., Rühr, A. & Benlian, A. “Watch Me Improve—Algorithm Aversion and Demonstrating the Ability to Learn”. Bus Inf Syst Eng. 63, 55–68, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00678-5.
[27] Seo, K., Tang, J., Roll, I., Fels, S. & Yoon, D. “The impact of artificial intelligence on learner–instructor interaction in online learning”. Int J Educ Technol High Educ., 18, 54, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00292-9.
[28] Rodway, P., & Schepman, A. “The impact of adopting AI educational technologies on projected course satisfaction in university students”. Comput. Educ.: Artif. Intel, 5, 100150, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100150.
[29] Chan, C.K.Y. & Hu, W. “Students’ voices on generative AI: perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education”. Int J Educ Technol High Educ, 20, 43. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00411-8.
[30] Almaraz-López, C., Almaraz-Menéndez, F., & López-Esteban, C. “Comparative Study of the Attitudes and Perceptions of University Students in Business Administration and Management and in Education toward Artificial Intelligence”. Educ. Sci. 13(6), 609, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060609.
[31] Arpaci, I., Al-Emran, M. & Al-Sharafi, M. A. “The impact of knowledge management practices on the acceptance of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) by engineering students: A cross-cultural comparison”, Telemat Inform, 54, 101468, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101468.
[32] Firat, M. “What ChatGPT means for universities: Perceptions of scholars and students”. JALT, 6(1), 57-63, 2023. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.22.
[33] Chan, C. K. Y. “A comprehensive AI policy education framework for university teaching and learning”. Int J Educ Technol High Educ., 20, 38, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00408-3.
[34] Schiff, D. “Out of the laboratory and into the classroom: the future of artificial intelligence in education”. AI & Soc, 36, 331–348, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01033-8.
[35] Petrescu, M., Pop, E., & Mihoc, T. “Students’ interest in knowledge acquisition in Artificial Intelligence”, Procedia Comput. Sci., 225, 1028-1036, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.090.
[36] Georganta, E. & Ulfert, A. “My colleague is an AI! Trust differences between AI and human teammates,” Team Perform. Manag., 30(1), 23-37, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-07-2023-0053.
[37] McNatt, D. B. “Service-learning: An experiment to increase interpersonal communication confidence and competence”. Education + Training, 62(2), 129-144, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2019-0039.
[38] Selwyn, N., Hillman, T., Bergviken Rensfeldt, A. & Perrotta, C. “Digital Technologies and the Automation of Education — Key Questions and Concerns”. Postdigit Sci Educ., 5, 15–24, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-021-00263-3.
[39] Sevilla, T. C. & Barrios, M. “Actitudes de los estudiantes de educación básica hacia la inteligencia artificial: Una adaptación”. Revista InveCom, 4(2), 1–16, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10612162.
[40] Polak, S., Schiavo, G. & Zancanaro, M. “Teachers’ Perspective on Artificial Intelligence Education: An Initial Investigation”. En Proceedings del CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '22). 431, 1–7. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3519866.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Downloads
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 AiBi Journal of Research, Administration and Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal offers open access under a Creative Commons Attibution License
This work is under license Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0).
