Cuidados paliativos, cuidados de fin de vida y COVID-19: revisión de alcance

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2601

Palabras clave:

Cuidados Paliativos, Cuidados Paliativos al Final de la Vida, Infecciones por Coronavirus, Pandemias

Resumen

  • La planificación avanzada de cuidados orienta al equipo de salud con base en los deseos del paciente. La planificación debe hacerse de manera temprana y rutinaria.
  • Debe fomentarse la comunicación entre pacientes y seres queridos. De ser posible, facilitar el acompañamiento presencial, en especial cuando se acerca el final de la vida.
  • Las herramientas tecnológicas facilitaron la comunicación con pacientes, familiares y entre profesionales de la salud, mientras se minimizaba el riesgo de exposición al virus.
  • Las enfermeras especialistas en cuidado paliativo lideran la coordinación de cuidado psicosocial y están entrenadas en planificación avanzada, consideraciones éticas y manejo de síntomas.

Introducción: La COVID-19 exacerbó el déficit en la prestación de cuidados paliativos y de fin de vida y aumentó la sobrecarga de los servicios de salud, pero se desconoce la extensión de la literatura sobre dicho tema. Objetivo: Describir la evidencia sobre la prestación de cuidados paliativos y de fin de vida en adultos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de alcance según el marco metodológico de Arksey y O’Malley. La búsqueda se realizó en inglés y español; en PubMed, Scielo, la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, y la base de datos de investigación en Coronavirus. Las publicaciones se filtraron por título, resumen y lectura completa. Los resultados se sintetizaron de acuerdo con la técnica “charting”. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 publicaciones. En total emergieron cinco categorías: 1) caracterización de los cuidados paliativos, 2) planificación avanzada de cuidados, 3) acompañamiento a familiares y seres queridos, 4) telesalud, 5) rol de enfermería en los cuidados paliativos. Discusión:: El coste social de la pandemia se refleja en el aumento en la carga de unidades de cuidados paliativos, mayor porcentaje de mortalidad y la disminución de la edad promedio de fallecimiento. Futuros estudios deben abordar el impacto psicosocial en los seres queridos de los pacientes, así como el impacto a nivel comunitario. Conclusión: Los cuidados paliativos y de fin de vida constituyen una herramienta fundamental para la atención de pacientes con COVID-19. La pandemia potenció el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones para la prestación de cuidados paliativos.

Como citar este artículo: Franco-Rocha Oscar Yesid, Carrillo González Gloria Mabel, Rivera-Romero Nathaly. Cuidados paliativos, cuidados de fin de vida y COVID-19: revisión de alcance. Revista Cuidarte. 2022;13(3):e2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2601       

Biografía del autor/a

Oscar Yesid Franco-Rocha, University of Texas at Austin

University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.

Gloria Mabel Carrillo González, Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Enfermera, Magister en Enfermería, Doctora en Enfermería. Profesora Asociada, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia. 

Nathaly Rivera-Romero, Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Enfermera, Magister en Psicología y Salud Mental. Profesora Asistente, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia.

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2022-10-24

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Franco-Rocha OY, Carrillo González GM, Rivera-Romero N. Cuidados paliativos, cuidados de fin de vida y COVID-19: revisión de alcance . Revista Cuidarte [Internet]. 24 de octubre de 2022 [citado 29 de marzo de 2024];13(3). Disponible en: https://revistas.udes.edu.co/cuidarte/article/view/2601

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