Cuidados paliativos, cuidados de fin de vida y COVID-19: revisión de alcance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2601Palabras clave:
Cuidados Paliativos, Cuidados Paliativos al Final de la Vida, Infecciones por Coronavirus, PandemiasResumen
- La planificación avanzada de cuidados orienta al equipo de salud con base en los deseos del paciente. La planificación debe hacerse de manera temprana y rutinaria.
- Debe fomentarse la comunicación entre pacientes y seres queridos. De ser posible, facilitar el acompañamiento presencial, en especial cuando se acerca el final de la vida.
- Las herramientas tecnológicas facilitaron la comunicación con pacientes, familiares y entre profesionales de la salud, mientras se minimizaba el riesgo de exposición al virus.
- Las enfermeras especialistas en cuidado paliativo lideran la coordinación de cuidado psicosocial y están entrenadas en planificación avanzada, consideraciones éticas y manejo de síntomas.
Introducción: La COVID-19 exacerbó el déficit en la prestación de cuidados paliativos y de fin de vida y aumentó la sobrecarga de los servicios de salud, pero se desconoce la extensión de la literatura sobre dicho tema. Objetivo: Describir la evidencia sobre la prestación de cuidados paliativos y de fin de vida en adultos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de alcance según el marco metodológico de Arksey y O’Malley. La búsqueda se realizó en inglés y español; en PubMed, Scielo, la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, y la base de datos de investigación en Coronavirus. Las publicaciones se filtraron por título, resumen y lectura completa. Los resultados se sintetizaron de acuerdo con la técnica “charting”. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 publicaciones. En total emergieron cinco categorías: 1) caracterización de los cuidados paliativos, 2) planificación avanzada de cuidados, 3) acompañamiento a familiares y seres queridos, 4) telesalud, 5) rol de enfermería en los cuidados paliativos. Discusión:: El coste social de la pandemia se refleja en el aumento en la carga de unidades de cuidados paliativos, mayor porcentaje de mortalidad y la disminución de la edad promedio de fallecimiento. Futuros estudios deben abordar el impacto psicosocial en los seres queridos de los pacientes, así como el impacto a nivel comunitario. Conclusión: Los cuidados paliativos y de fin de vida constituyen una herramienta fundamental para la atención de pacientes con COVID-19. La pandemia potenció el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones para la prestación de cuidados paliativos.
Como citar este artículo: Franco-Rocha Oscar Yesid, Carrillo González Gloria Mabel, Rivera-Romero Nathaly. Cuidados paliativos, cuidados de fin de vida y COVID-19: revisión de alcance. Revista Cuidarte. 2022;13(3):e2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2601
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