Sistemas de información geográfica para la vigilancia del cáncer ocupacional: revisión de alcance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4747Palabras clave:
Sistemas de Información Geográfica, Medicina Ocupacional, Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Neoplasias, Exposición Ambiental, Análisis EspacialResumen
Introducción: Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) son herramientas informáticas diseñadas para evaluar datos espaciales y constituyen un instrumento crucial para comprender la enfermedad y sus determinantes. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática del alcance para evaluar las aplicaciones, ventajas y limitaciones de los SIG en la vigilancia del cáncer ocupacional. Materiales y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática exploratoria en las bases de datos PubMed, Embase, Scopus y Bireme, siguiendo el marco de Población, Contexto y Concepto (PCC) de las directrices metodológicas del Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI) y el protocolo PRISMA-ScR. Para la selección de estudios se utilizó un proceso semiautomatizado con el software Rayyan®. Las variables identificadas fueron transferidas para su posterior análisis cualitativo. Se incluyeron 55 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: La revisión abarcó estudios sobre diversos tipos de cáncer, emisiones industriales y contaminantes carcinógenos relevantes para la salud ocupacional, destacando las herramientas SIG más utilizadas, las metodologías de análisis espacial y las principales ventajas y limitaciones en la vigilancia del cáncer. Los estudios reportaron indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad, equidad, oportunidad, cobertura en salud y acceso, así como modelos de exposición a agentes ambientales. Discusión: Los SIG fortalecen significativamente la investigación en cáncer al integrar y analizar diversos conjuntos de datos, mapear casos e identificar factores de riesgo. Entre los desafíos se encuentran la precisión de los datos, la existencia de registros incompletos y la omisión de variables socioeconómicas. A pesar de estas limitaciones, los SIG apoyan la vigilancia del cáncer, las políticas de salud ocupacional y los planes de prevención, al visibilizar riesgos de exposición, desigualdades en salud y oportunidades de mejora. Conclusión: Los SIG son herramientas cada vez más valiosas en la vigilancia del cáncer, ya que permiten comprender mejor los patrones geográficos de exposición y las variables asociadas, ofreciendo insumos clave para la formulación de políticas públicas, la planificación en salud y las estrategias preventivas.
Como citar este artículo: Sanchez Diana Carolina, Talero Lorena Lisbeth, Mejia-Duarte Jose Ferney, Mendoza-Monsalve Alejandra, Licht-Ardila Maricel, Hurtado-Ortiz Alexandra. Geographic information systems for occupational cancer surveillance: a scoping review. Revista Cuidarte. 2025;16(3):e4747. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.4747
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